Table 2.

Use of β-blockers and risk of hip/femur fracture in the GPRD and PHARMO RLS

β-blocker exposure	GPRD				PHARMO RLS
	Cases (%)	Controls (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)a	Cases (%)	Controls (%)	Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)a
Timing of use
Current use	4.5	5.9	0.70 (0.64–0.77)	0.82 (0.74–0.91)	12.4	13.7	0.91 (0.83–0.98)	0.87 (0.80–0.95)
Recent use	0.6	0.6	0.89 (0.70–1.14)	0.88 (0.68–1.15)	1.7	1.7	1.01 (0.82–1.24)	0.93 (0.75–1.15)
Past use	0.7	0.6	1.10 (0.86–1.40)	0.99 (0.76–1.28)	1.4	1.3	1.11 (0.88–1.40)	0.99 (0.78–1.26)
Distant past use	3.7	2.8	1.10 (0.98–1.22)	1.06 (0.94–1.20)	6.8	6.3	1.07 (0.96–1.20)	0.97 (0.87–1.09)
Among current users of β-blockers
Selectivity
Low	1.0	1.2	0.75 (0.63–0.90)	0.86 (0.71–1.05)	3.5	3.1	1.12 (0.97–1.30)	1.04 (0.89–1.21)
Medium	0.1	0.2	0.79 (0.48–1.32)	0.81 (0.47–1.41)	0.3	0.5	0.40 (0.20–0.84)	0.38 (0.18–0.79)
High	3.3	4.4	0.69 (0.62–0.76)	0.77 (0.69–0.87)	8.7	10.1	0.86 (0.79–0.95)	0.84 (0.76–0.93)
Lipophilicity
Hydrophile	3.2	4.2	0.69 (0.62–0.77)	0.78 (0.70–0.88)	5.1	5.2	0.98 (0.86–1.11)	0.94 (0.83–1.06)
Intermediate	0.2	0.2	0.77 (0.50–1.20)	0.88 (0.56–1.39)	0.5	0.4	1.15 (0.77–1.73)	1.04 (0.69–1.58)
Lipophile	1.1	1.4	0.72 (0.60–0.85)	0.81 (0.68–0.98)	6.9	8.0	0.85 (0.77–0.95)	0.83 (0.74–0.92)
First prescription
Yes	0.2	0.2	0.93 (0.58–1.48)	1.18 (0.69–1.99)	0.4	0.6	0.63 (0.42–0.95)	0.62 (0.41–0.94)
Last prescribed daily dose (DDD)b
<0.67	0.9	1.2	0.72 (0.59–0.87)	0.81 (0.65–1.00)	8.7	9.8	0.89 (0.81–0.98)	0.87 (0.79–0.96)
0.67–1.33	2.0	2.6	0.73 (0.64–0.83)	0.85 (0.74–0.99)	3.2	3.4	0.95 (0.82–1.11)	0.90 (0.77–1.06)
>1.33	1.4	2.0	0.64 (0.55–0.75)	0.81 (0.69–0.97)	0.4	0.4	0.95 (0.61–1.49)	0.85 (0.54–1.35)

^a Adjusted for use of other antihypertensive drugs and general risk factors for falls and fractures (see Materials and Methods)

^b One DDD is equivalent to 150 mg metoprolol