Table 2.

The Association between Smoking Stages and Psychiatric Disorders

	Experimentation vs. Non Smoking n=64 vs. n=299		Regular Smoking vs. Lower levels of use/nonuse n=73 vs. n=363		Nicotine Dependence vs. lower levels of use/nonuse n=37 vs. n=436
	Unadjusted for comorbidity	Adjusted for comorbidity	Unadjusted for comorbidity	Adjusted for comorbidity	Unadjusted for comorbidity	Adjusted for comorbidity
Major Depression	1.9* (1.11 – 3.31)	0.8 (0.36 – 1.83)	2.2* (1.16 – 4.31)	1.2 (0.52 – 2.99)	3.9** (1.99 – 7.50)	2.0 (0.72 – 5.53)
Anxiety Disorder	1.3 (0.73 – 2.14)	1.0 (0.54– 1.95)	2.6** (1.43 – 4.68)	2.5* (1.21 – 5.14)	1.8 (0.97 – 3.34)	1.2 (0.53 – 2.64)
Conduct Disorder	7.9** (4.41 – 14.17)	5.3** (2.72 – 10.28)	2.6* (1.34 – 5.03)	1.6 (0.71 – 3.83)	4.0** (1.92 – 8.46)	1.2 (0.53 – 2.89)
Oppositional Defiant Disorder	3.3** (1.95 – 5.43)	1.8 (0.83 – 3.80)	2.2* (1.21 – 4.12)	1.3 (0.55 – 3.25)	2.4* (1.21 – 4.68)	1.7 (0.51 – 5.47)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	1.9* (1.17 – 3.17)	1.1 (0.54 – 2.29)	1.2 (0.64 – 2.29)	0.67 (0.30 – 1.52)	1.2 (0.58 – 2.52)	0.5 (0.17 – 1.56)
Alcohol Abuse/Dependence	4.8 * (1.37 – 16.56)	1.8 (0.46 – 7.28)	1.1 (0.35 – 3.38)	0.5 (0.11 – 2.01)	10.4** (4.63 – 23.28)	6.1** (2.47 – 15.00)
Drug Abuse/Dependence	12.3** (3.81 – 39.86)	6.0* (2.06 – 17.77)	3.38* (1.59 – 7.17)	2.64* (1.13 – 6.20)	7.8** (3.46 – 17.73)	4.4** (1.929 – 10.200)

Results of logistic regression models (odds ratios and 95% confidence limits). Each odds ratio and confidence interval is adjusted for adolescent age, sex and poverty status through their inclusion as covariates.

^*= p<.05,

^**= p<.001