Table 3.
Molecules dependent on interaction with the endothelial glycocalyx for proper functioning
| Interacting molecule | Primary function in vasculature | Reference number |
|---|---|---|
| Antithrombin III | Potent inactivator of pro-coagulant proteases such as thrombin, factor Xa and factor IXa; activity enhanced by heparin or heparan sulfate | 107 |
| Heparin cofactor II | Inactivator of the procoagulant protease thrombin; activated by dermatan sulfate in the endothelial glycocalyx | 120 |
| TFPI | Anticoagulant protein blocking activated factor VII and X | 38, 49 |
| LPL | Enzyme involved in breakdown of low density lipoproteins | 133 |
| LDL | Transports cholesterol and triglycerides through the circulation | 140 |
| VEGF | Potent stimulator of angiogenesis, production of which is triggered by hypoxia | 92 |
| TGFβ1/2 | Growth factor known to mediate in a lot of signaling pathways, including smooth muscle cell differentiation and vascular tone and reactivity | 64 |
| FGF(r) | Growth factor (receptor) involved in endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis | 3, 26 |
| Ec-SOD | Extracellular quencher of reactive oxygen species | 11 |
| IL 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, RANTES | Chemotaxis of leukocytes to the subendothelium; involved in arrest and diapedesis | 2, 39, 100, 110, 143 |
TFPI Tissue factor pathway inhibitor, LPL lipoprotein lipase, LDL low density lipoprotein, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor, TGFβ1/2 transforming growth factor β1 or β2, FGF(r) fibroblast growth factor (receptor), ec-SOD extracellular superoxide dismutase, IL interleukin, RANTES Regulated on Activation, Normal T Expressed and Secreted—also known as chemokine CCL5