Figure 1.

Time courses of cell growth (OD₆₆₀), glucose consumption, and glutamate production of C. glutamicum. Figs. 1-a, -b, and -c indicate the fermentations with Tween 40 additions using the final concentrations of 0 (without addition), 0.5, and 0.8 mg/mL, respectively. Diamonds, triangles, and squares indicate OD₆₆₀, glucose, and glutamate, respectively. Dark and dotted arrows indicate the points of ¹³C glucose ([1-¹³C] and [U-¹³C] glucose) and Tween 40 additions, respectively.