Table 1.
Established invasive and non-native mosquitoes and important natural history traits
| Species (origin) | Invaded/colonized region | Macrohabitat preference | Larval habitats | Desiccation- resistant eggs | Autogeny* | Diapause | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Invasive species | |||||||
| Aedes aegypti (Africa) | Cosmotropical | Urban, domestic† | Man-made containers | Yes | Rarely | None | Christophers (1960) |
| Aedes albopictus (temperate and tropical Asia) | Americas, Europe, Africa | Urban, suburban | Phytotelmata‡, man-made containers | Yes | Rarely | Egg§ | Hawley (1988) |
| Ochlerotatus atropalpus (E. N. America) | W. N. America, Europe | Riparian | Rock pools, man-made containers | Yes | Yes | Egg | Lounibos (2002) |
| Ochlerotatus japonicus (temperate Asia) | North America | Rural, sylvan | Rock pools, man-made containers | Yes | No | Egg | Lounibos (2002) |
| Ochlerotatus notoscriptus (Australia) | New Zealand | Urban, suburban, rural | Tree holes, rock pools | Yes | No | Egg, larva | Weinstein et al. (1997) |
| Culex pipiens (Old World) | North America | Urban, domestic, suburban | Man-made containers, subterranean, small groundwater pools | No | Yes | Adult | Vinogradova (2000) |
| Culex quinquefasciatus (Africa) | Americas, Asia, New Zealand, southern Europe | Urban, domestic, suburban | Man-made containers, small groundwater pools | No | Some | None | Vinogradova (2000) |
| Anopheles darlingi (neotropics, especially eastern Amazonia) | Peru | Rural | River margins and lagoons | No | No | None | Lounibos (2002) |
| Anopheles gambiae complex¶ (Africa) | Brazil, Mauritius | Domestic | Groundwater pools | No | No | None | Ross (1911); Soper & Wilson (1943) |
| Non-native, non-invasive species | |||||||
| Aedes neopandani (Saipan and Tinian) | Guam | Phytotelmata | Yes | Ward (1984) | |||
| Aedes rotanus (Rota) | Guam | Phytotelmata | Yes | Ward (1984) | |||
| Aedes saipanensis (Saipan) | Guam | Phytotelmata | Yes | Ward (1984) | |||
| Aedes vexans (Cosmopolitan) | Guam | Ground pools | Yes | Egg§ | Ward (1984) | ||
| Ochlerotatus australis (Australia) | New Zealand | Rocky marine shore | Rock pools | Yes | Yes | Larva | Weinstein et al. (1997) |
| Ochlerotatus camptorhynchus (Australia) | New Zealand | Suburban, rural | Salt marsh, brackish swamps | Yes | Weinstein et al. (1997) | ||
| Ochlerotatus vigilax (New Caledonia) | Fiji | Coastal | Salt marsh | Yes | Yes | Joyce (1961) | |
| Ochlerotatus bahamensis (Bahamas) | Southern North America | Urban, suburban, rural | Tree holes, man-made containers | Yes | Yes | No | O’Meara et al. (1989) |
| Ochlerotatus togoi (temperate Asia) | North America | Rocky marine shoreline | Rock pools | Yes | Yes | Larva§ | Sota (1994) |
| Aedeomyia catasticta (Oriental Region) | Guam | Rural? | Ponds with macrophytes | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Mansonia uniformis (Old World tropics) | Guam | Swamps | Ponds with macrophytes | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Culex fuscanus (Oriental Region) | Guam | Rural? | Ponds, streams, ditches | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Culex fuscocephala (tropical Asia) | Guam | Rural | Rice fields and ponds with vegetation | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Culex tritaeniorhynchus (Old World) | Guam | Variable, sometimes domestic | Groundwater pools, rice fields | No | Adult§ | Ward (1984) | |
| Culex sitiens (Old World tropics) | Guam | Coastal | Brackish pools, holes | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Anopheles indefinitus (Oriental Region) | Guam | Coastal | Marshes, ground pools | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Anopheles barbirostris (Vietnam) | Guam | Rural | River margins, pools, rice paddies, swamps | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Anopheles litoralis (Philippines, Borneo) | Guam | Coastal? | Artificial containers | No | No | Ward (1984) | |
| Anopheles subpictus (Oriental Region) | Guam | Fresh and saltwater ground pools | No | No | Ward (1984) | ||
| Anopheles vagus (Oriental Region) | Guam | Pools, ditches, containers | No | No | Ward (1984) | ||
| Armigeres subalbatus (Oriental Region) | Guam | Containers with foul water | No | No | Ward (1984) | ||
| Wyeomyia mitchellii (Caribbean & Florida) | Hawaii | Bromeliads | No | No | No | Shroyer (1981) | |
Blank cells indicate lack of information. Question marks associated with macrohabitat preferences indicate that other habitats may also be used but information is limited. See text for details.
*
Egg production without a blood meal.
†
Does not apply to Aedes aegypti formosus, the sylvan morph found only in East Africa.
‡
Phytotelmata are parts of terrestrial plants that hold water and are occupied by a community of inquiline animals; includes tree holes, bromeliads, pitcher plants and bamboo.
§
Diapause not present in tropical populations.
¶
Only includes the anthropophilic species of the complex, Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis.