Table 3.

Human and animal disease outbreaks associated with invasive mosquitoes

Disease	Location	Dates of epidemics	Reference	Invasive mosquito	Source of pathogen
Yellow fever	Americas	16–20th centuries	Tabachnick (1991)	Aedes aegypti	Introduced with the mosquito
Dengue	Americas	17–20th centuries	Gubler (1997)	Aedes aegypti	Introduced with the mosquito
Dengue	Asia	19–20th centuries	Gubler (1997)	Aedes aegypti	Native
Dengue	Hawaii	2001	Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Reports (MMWR) (2002)	Aedes albopictus	Introduced after the mosquito
West Nile encephalitis	North America	1999–present	Kramer & Bernard (2001)	Culex pipiens*	Introduced after the mosquitoes
Avian malaria	Hawaii	20th century	Van Riper et al. (1986)	Culex quinquefasciatus*	Introduced after the mosquito
Human malaria	Brazil	1930–1940	Soper & Wilson (1943)	Anopheles gambiae complex†	Native
Human malaria	Mauritius	1866–67	Ross (1911)	Anopheles gambiae complex	Introduced before the mosquito
Human malaria	Peru	1992–1999	Lounibos (2002)	Anopheles darlingi	Native

^*Species of the C. pipiens complex.

^†Only includes the anthropophilic species of the complex, Anopheles gambiae s.s. and Anopheles arabiensis.