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Effects of caffeine on hyperosmotic pressure–, IL-1β- and H2O2-induced JNK activation. HCE cells were incubated with 600 mM sorbitol (A), 10 ng/mL IL-1β (B), or 0.5 mM H2O2 (C), in the absence or presence of 5 mM caffeine (Caf ). HCE cells were harvested 15 minutes after the treatments and subjected to Western blot analysis.
