Table 4.

Effect Sizes (ES) for (a) Predictors Controlling for Standard Covariates Only, or for (b) INCRS Controlling for Predictors and Standard Covariates

Predictor	CD4		VL(log)
	ES*	INCRS†	ES*	INCRS†
INCRS	0.301	0.301	0.293	0.293
Religious service attendance	0.220	0.329	0.028	0.373
Optimism	0.158	0.256	0.153	0.279
Depression	0.250	0.282	0.248	0.283
Hopelessness	0.200	0.274	0.225	0.277
Avoidant	0.200	0.307	0.242	0.287
Proactive	0.258	0.290	0.045	0.298

Effect sizes were calculated using the following formula:

where the t-value is the test-statistic value for that variable, and DF equals the number of level 2 units minus the number of level 2 random coefficients minus the number of level2 covariates associated with random coefficients (M. DuToit, personal communication 8/3/2006).

^*Effect size calculated using published data from parent study (n=177; Ironson, 2005), except for religious service attendance (n=161), which is from unpublished data, or for INCR (n=100) from substudy data. All models control for standard covariates (age, gender, race, education, and baseline CD4/VL(log).

^†Based on substudy sample (n=100) controlling for standard covariates and predictor.

INCRS, increase in religiousness/spirituality; VL, viral load.