TABLE 2—
Adjusted Odds of Being an Established Smoker at Follow-Up: Longitudinal Youth California Tobacco Surveys, 1993–2002
| 1993–1999 Cohort (n = 1734) | 1996–2002 Cohort (n = 1983) | |||
| Sample, % (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Sample, % (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | |
| Intercept | 0.41 (0.24, 0.72) | 0.20 (0.09, 0.42) | ||
| Gender | ||||
| Female | 48.5 (46.0, 51.0) | 1.00 | 47.0 (44.5, 49.5) | 1.00 |
| Male | 51.5 (49.0, 54.0) | 1.55 (1.10, 2.18) | 53.0 (50.5, 55.5) | 1.59 (1.14, 2.21) |
| Age, y | ||||
| 12–13 | 54.5 (51.7, 57.3) | 1.00 | 54.1 (52.0, 56.2) | 1.00 |
| 14–15 | 45.5 (42.7, 48.3) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.12) | 45.9 (43.8, 48.0) | 1.07 (0.78, 1.47) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 51.2 (40.8, 61.6) | 1.00 | 51.7 (49.6, 53.8) | 1.00 |
| Hispanic | 30.4 (24.0, 36.8) | 0.53 (0.34, 0.84) | 29.6 (27.7, 31.5) | 0.47 (0.30, 0.74) |
| African American | 7.9 (4.6, 11.2) | 0.23 (0.06, 0.90) | 5.1 (3.9, 6.3) | 0.39 (0.17, 0.85) |
| Asian/Pacific Islander/other | 10.6 (8.3, 12.9) | 0.99 (0.60, 1.63) | 13.6 (11.9, 15.3) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.20) |
| Self-reported school performance | ||||
| Average or below | 41.7 (37.4, 46.0) | 1.00 | 32.9 (29.9, 35.9) | 1.00 |
| Better than average | 36.6 (33.0, 40.2) | 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) | 38.8 (36.8, 40.8) | 0.65 (0.45, 0.93) |
| Much better than average | 21.7 (19.2, 24.2) | 0.69 (0.36, 1.29) | 28.4 (25.8, 31.0) | 0.49 (0.32, 0.76) |
| Family and peer smokers | ||||
| Neither family nor peers | 41.3 (36.2, 46.4) | 1.00 | 30.6 (28.5, 32.7) | 1.00 |
| Either family or peers | 39.7 (36.9, 42.5) | 1.35 (0.99, 1.85) | 47.4 (44.7, 50.1) | 1.66 (1.02, 2.71) |
| Both family and peers | 19.0 (14.7, 23.3) | 1.78 (1.13, 2.81) | 32.0 (29.5, 34.5) | 1.90 (1.15, 3.15) |
| Smoking experiencea | ||||
| Experimenter | 25.9 (23.0, 28.8) | 1.00 | 19.9 (18.1, 21.7) | 1.00 |
| Susceptible never smoker | 19.4 (16.9, 21.9) | 0.56 (0.37, 0.83) | 42.8 (39.8, 45.8) | 0.54 (0.39, 0.76) |
| Committed never smoker | 54.7 (50.7, 58.7) | 0.26 (0.17, 0.41) | 37.3 (34.4, 40.2) | 0.36 (0.22, 0.58) |
| Receptivity level | ||||
| Minimal or low (does not have favorite advertisement) | 31.7 (28.9, 34.6) | 1.00 | 32.0 (29.4, 34.6) | 1.00 |
| Moderate (has favorite advertisement) | 45.2 (42.4, 48.0) | 1.46 (1.10, 1.94) | 43.2 (41.0, 45.4) | 1.46 (1.02, 2.07) |
| High (has or is willing to use a tobacco promotional item) | 23.1 (19.8, 26.4) | 1.84 (1.15, 2.94) | 24.8 (22.7, 26.9) | 1.84 (1.28, 2.63) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio. All percentages are weighted.
aFor description of measurements of smoking experience and definitions, see “Methods” section.