TABLE 2—

Pearson Correlation Coefficients for Associations Between Predictor Variables and Demographic Grouping Variables and Subjective Social Status in Women Aged 18–24 Years: Houston, Tex, 2004–2006

Predictor Variables	Race	Education	Household Income	Partner Status	Subjective Social Statusa
Time to first cigarette every day	−0.049	0.115	0.106	0.078	0.019
Years smoked	−0.012	−0.008	0.151	0.023	−0.02
Average cigarettes per day	−0.167	−0.107	−0.093	−0.102	−0.119
Likelihood of smoking	−0.096	0.026	0.139	0.266**	−0.232**
Confidence	0.055	0.055	0.003	−0.209*	0.188*
Temptations	−0.035	−0.034	0.068	0.143	−0.272**
WISDM-68
Total	−0.054	−0.204*	0.084	0.076	−0.345**
Affiliative attachment	−0.051	−0.144	0.14	0.054	−0.316**
Automaticity (i.e., habit strength)	0.005	−0.237**	−0.011	−0.024	−0.135
Cognitive enhancement	0.048	−0.249**	0.009	0.089	−0.300**
Behavioral choice–melioration	−0.048	−0.123	0.052	0.091	−0.341**
Craving	−0.096	−0.06	0.164	0.018	−0.302**
Cue exposure–associative processes	−0.16	−0.115	0.077	0.055	−0.32**
Loss of control	−0.021	−0.069	0.23*	0.125	−0.294**
Negative reinforcement	−0.026	−0.199*	0.072	0.072	−0.352**
Positive reinforcement	−0.007	−0.186*	0.095	0.024	−0.352**
Social–environmental goads	−0.118	−0.238**	0.026	0.046	−0.183*
Taste and sensory processes	0.062	−0.106	0.133	0.072	−0.252**
Tolerance	0.018	−0.186*	0.035	0.055	−0.219*
Weight control	−0.144	−0.11	−0.089	0.117	−0.183*
CES-D	0.133	−0.193*	0.045	−0.067	−0.118
PSS	0.033	−0.059	−0.005	−0.028	−0.14
PANAS PA	−0.022	0.128	−0.076	−0.101	0.296**
PANAS NA	0.09	−0.13	−0.015	0.046	−0.191*
ISEL
Total	−0.066	0.053	0.032	0.063	0.323**
Appraisal	−0.082	0.013	0.02	−0.007	0.302**
Belonging	0.009	0.088	0.015	0.175	0.249**
Tangible	−0.057	0.078	0.008	0.005	0.251**

Note. WISDM-68 = Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives; CES-D = Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; PSS = Perceived Stress Scale; PANAS PA = Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Positive Affect subscale; PANAS NA = Positive and Negative Affect Scale, Negative Affect subscale; ISEL = Interpersonal Support Evaluation List. Affiliative attachment subscale measures emotional attachment to cigarettes; automaticity subscale measures habit strength; behavioral choice–melioration subscale measures smoking despite constraints or negative consequences; cognitive enhancement subscale measures smoking to improve cognition; craving subscale measures intense, frequent urges to smoke; cue exposure–associative processes subscale measures high desire to smoke upon exposure to smoking cues; loss of control subscale measures not feeling in control of smoking; negative reinforcement subscale measures smoking to avoid negative states; positive reinforcement subscale measures smoking to experience positive states; social–environmental goads subscale measures the social stimuli and contexts that provoke smoking; taste and sensory properties subscale measures smoking for taste or other sensory properties; tolerance subscale measures need for more cigarettes over time to achieve the same effect; and the weight control subscale measures smoking to control weight or appetite. The appraisal subscale measures the availability of someone to talk to about one’s problems, the belonging subscale measures the availability of people with whom one can do activities, and the tangible subscale measures the availability of instrumental aid. For explanations of how predictor variables were measured, see “Methods” section.

^aSubjective social status was measured using the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, developed by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health.26 The ladder version of the scale was used, which pictorially presented a ladder with 10 numbered rungs. Participants were asked to imagine that the ladder represents where people stand in society and to select the rung that best represented where they believed they stood relative to others in society.

*P < .05 (2-tailed); **P < .01 (2-tailed).