TABLE 3—

Significance of Associations Between Subjective Social Status and Smoking-Related and Tobacco Dependence Variables in Women Aged 18–24 Years: Houston, Tex, 2004–2006

	Unadjusted		Adjusted
	Subjective Social Status,at	P	Subjective Social Status,at	P
Time to first cigarette	0.21	.834	0.624	.534
Years smoked	−0.222	.825	−0.337	.737
Average cigarettes per day	−1.318	.19	−1.325	.188
Likelihood of smoking	−2.624	.01	−2.842	.005
Confidence	2.103	.038	2.369	.02
Temptations	−3.112	.002	−3.801	< .001
WISDM-68
Total	−4.039	< .001	−4.347	< .001
Affiliative attachment	−3.663	<.001	−4.05	< .001
Automaticity	−1.504	.135	−1.762	.081
Cognitive enhancement	−3.458	.001	−3.984	< .001
Behavioral choice–melioration	−3.985	<.001	−4.361	< .001
Craving	−3.49	.001	−3.767	< .001
Cue exposure–associative processes	−3.716	<.001	−3.836	< .001
Loss of control	−3.383	.001	−3.548	.001
Negative reinforcement	−4.141	< .001	−4.637	< .001
Positive reinforcement	−4.137	< .001	−4.724	< .001
Social–environmental goads	−2.045	.043	−1.454	.149
Taste and sensory processes	−2.864	.005	−3.415	.001
Tolerance	−2.469	.015	−3.014	.003
Weight control	−2.051	.042	−1.84	.069

Note. WISDM-68 = Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. Affiliative attachment subscale measures emotional attachment to cigarettes; automaticity subscale measures habit strength; behavioral choice–melioration subscale measures smoking despite constraints or negative consequences; cognitive enhancement subscale measures smoking to improve cognition; craving subscale measures intense, frequent urges to smoke; cue exposure–associative processes subscale measures high desire to smoke upon exposure to smoking cues; loss of control subscale measures not feeling in control of smoking; negative reinforcement subscale measures smoking to avoid negative states; positive reinforcement subscale measures smoking to experience positive states; social–environmental goads subscale measures the social stimuli and contexts that provoke smoking; taste and sensory properties subscale measures smoking for taste or other sensory properties; tolerance subscale measures need for more cigarettes over time to achieve the same effect; and the weight control subscale measures smoking to control weight or appetite. The appraisal subscale measures the availability of someone to talk to about one’s problems, the belonging subscale measures the availability of people with whom one can do activities, and the tangible subscale measures the availability of instrumental aid. Adjusted analyses were controlled for race/ethnicity, education, income, and partner status and had a sample size of 105 because of listwise deletion for missing income values. To control for selection bias, adjusted analyses were rerun excluding income, which yielded a single change in significance status: WISDM-69 Weight Control P value reached significance in the rerun analyses (P = .053). For explanations of how predictor variables were measured, see “Methods” section.

^aSubjective social status was measured using the MacArthur Scale of Subjective Social Status, developed by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Research Network on Socioeconomic Status and Health.26 The ladder version of the scale was used, which pictorially presented a ladder with 10 numbered rungs. Participants were asked to imagine that the ladder represents where people stand in society and to select the rung that best represented where they believed they stood relative to others in society.