TABLE 2—

Associations Between Exposure to Workplace Secondhand Smoke and Any Detectable Level of Total NNAL, Nicotine, and Cotinine in the Postworkshift Urine of Nonsmoking Food Service Workers; Oregon, November 2004–August 2005

	No.a	% Having Any Detectable Levelb	Adjusted OR (95% CI)c
Total NNAL
Protected workers (reference)	31	45.2	1.00
Exposed Workers	50	76.0	5.66 (1.67, 19.14)*
Total nicotine
Protected workers (reference)	32	9.4	1.00
Exposed workers	52	90.4	109.01 (20.42, 581.77)**
Total cotinine
Protected workers (reference)	32	18.8	1.00
Exposed workers	52	92.3	95.21 (15.97, 567.61)**

Notes. NNAL = 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

^aTotal NNAL (pmol/mL) could not be determined in 3 participants’ urine samples.

^bDetection limits: cotinine, 2 ng/mL; nicotine, 2 ng/mL; NNAL, 0.007–0.01 pmol/mL. In nonsmokers, the half-life for nicotine is 2 hours,56 for cotinine is 16.9 hours,56 and for NNAL is unknown. In smokers, the half-life for nicotine is 2.6 hours,56 for cotinine is 17.5 hours,56 and for NNAL is 3–4 days for the distribution phase and 40–45 days for the elimination phase.51

^cOdds ratios were based on logistic regression and adjusted for participant age, gender, and minutes exposed to secondhand smoke outside the workplace in the past week.

* P < .01; **P < .001.