Fig. 1.

Comparison of sexual and asexual initial phases for cases where the modifier allele (r) reducing recombination fixes (dominant mode). (a and b) After the sexual initial phase, epistasis and fixation time are uncorrelated (r = −0.040, R² = 0.002) (a), whereas for the asexual initial phase, they are negatively correlated (r = −0.490, R² = 0.240) (b). (c and d) In both cases, epistasis and inclusive robustness (see Methods) are negatively correlated: sexual initial phase (r = −0.320, R² = 0.102) (c) and asexual initial phase (r = −0.466, R² = 0.217) (d).