Figure 9.—

Reduced cardiac output in dpp mutant larvae. (A) Representative traces showing the distance between a pair of cardiac cells in the posterior region of the heart over time in wild type (top) and dpp^d6 (bottom) first instar larvae. One second corresponds to 12 frames. (B) Average number of beats per second (BPS) and pulse distance for wild type (n = 3) and dpp^d6 (n = 4) first instar larvae. Pulse distance is the difference between the maximum diastolic position and the minimum systolic position for each heartbeat. Error bars signify the standard error of the mean.