TABLE 5.
Worldwide emergence of metallo-β-lactamases in the Enterobacteriaceae
| Country | Isolation datea | Publication date | Organism | Enzymeb | No. of isolates | Location | Plasmid type | Integron type | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australia | 2002 | 2004 | K. pneumoniae | IMP-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Not tested | 1 | 172 |
| Australia | E. coli | IMP-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Not tested | 1 | 172 | ||
| Australia | NA | 2005 | K. pneumoniae | IMP-4 | 2 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 43 |
| E. cloacae | IMP-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 43 | |||
| C. amalonaticus | IMP-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 43 | |||
| Brazil | 2003 | 2005 | K. pneumoniae | IMP-1 | 1 | Chromosome | 1 | 110 | |
| China | NA | 2001 | C. youngae | IMP-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | ? | 63 |
| Greece | 2001 | 2003 | E. coli | VIM-1 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 136 |
| Greece | 2001 | 2004 | E. coli | VIM-1 | 4 (clonal) | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 193 |
| Greece | 2002 | 2003 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-1 | 17 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 54 |
| Greece | 2003 | 2005 | E. cloacae | VIM-1 | 1 | Chromosome | 1 | 48 | |
| Greece | 2003-2005 | 2006 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-1 | 5 (clonal) | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 117 |
| Greece | 2004-2005 | 2005 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-1 | 27 (clonal) | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 79 |
| France | 2003-2004 | 2006 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-1 | 8 (clonal) | Plasmid | Nonconjugative | 1 | 91 |
| Italy | 2002 | 2004 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | Not tested | 120 |
| E. cloacae | VIM-4 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | Not tested | 120 | |||
| Japan | 1993 | 1995 | S. marcescens | IMP-1-like | 4 | Multiple plasmids | Conjugative and nonconjugative | Not tested | 80 |
| Japan | 1994-1995 | 1996 | K. pneumoniae | IMP-1-like | 1 | Not tested | Not tested | 3 | 195 |
| S. marcescens | IMP-1-like | 9 | Not tested | Not tested | 3 | 195 | |||
| Japan | NA | 1998 | S. flexneri | IMP-3 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 81, 152 |
| Japan | 1991-1996 | 1998 | S. marcescens | IMP-1-like | 13 (some clonal) | Not tested | Not tested | 72 | |
| C. freundii | IMP-1-like | 1 | Not tested | Not tested | 72 | ||||
| Japan | 1996 | 2001 | S. marcescens | IMP-6 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 244 |
| Japan | 1998-2000 | 2003 | S. marcescens | IMP-1 | 5 | Not tested | Not tested | 235 | |
| C. freundii | IMP-1 | 1 | Not tested | Not tested | 8 | ||||
| P. vulgaris | IMP-1 | 1 | Not tested | Not tested | 8 | ||||
| Japan | 2001-2002 | 2003 | S. marcescens | IMP-1-like | 47 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | |
| K. pneumoniae | IMP-1-like | 23 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| E. coli | IMP-1-like | 17 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| E. cloacae | IMP-1-like | 5 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| C. freundii | IMP-1-like | 3 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| K. oxytoca | IMP-1-like | 2 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| P. rettgeri | IMP-1-like | 2 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| M. morganii | IMP-1-like | 1 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| E. aerogenes | IMP-1-like | 1 | Not tested | 1 | 197 | ||||
| Portugal | NA | 2005 | K. oxytoca | VIM-2 | 4 (clonal) | Plasmid | Nonconjugative | 1 | 30 |
| Singapore | 1996 | 1999 | K. pneumoniae | IMP-1 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | Not tested | 95 |
| South Korea | 2000 | 2003 | E. cloacae | VIM-2 | 1 | Chromosome | 1 | 87 | |
| South Korea | 2000 | 2002 | S. marcescens | VIM-2 | 1 | Not tested | 1 | 250 | |
| South Korea | 2003-2004 | 2006 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-2-like | 2 | Not tested | Not tested | 250 | |
| E. cloacae | VIM-2-like | 1 | Not tested | Not tested | 250 | ||||
| S. marcescens | VIM-2-like | 1 | Not tested | Not tested | 250 | ||||
| Spain | 2003 | 2005 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-1 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 207 |
| E. coli | VIM-1 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 207 | |||
| Taiwan | 1998 | 2001 | K. pneumoniae | IMP-8 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | 1 | 238 |
| Taiwan | 1999-2000 | 2002 | E. cloacae | IMP-8 | 36 (mostly clonal) | Plasmid | Conjugative | Not tested | 237 |
| C. freundii | VIM-2 | 1 | Plasmid | Conjugative | Not tested | 237 | |||
| Tunisia | 2005 | 2006 | K. pneumoniae | VIM-4 | 20 (clonal) | Plasmid | 1 | 97 | |
| Turkey | Before 2002 | 2005 | E. cloacae | VIM-5 | 1 | Plasmid | Nonconjugative | 1 | 47 |
a
NA, not available.
b
IMP-1-like and VIM-2-like enzymes were detected by PCR or colony hybridization but were not sequenced.