TABLE 3.

Prospective clinical studies of PK/PD parameters

Agent	Infection(s)c	PK/PD parameter selected	Magnitude of parameter for maximum efficacy (clinical cure rate)f	Reference(s)
β-Lactams
Cefmenoxime	Nosocomial pneumonia	Time above DRCa	70-100%	118
Cefepime	Hospitalized, various	Time above 4.3× MIC	100%	126
Penicillins and cephalosporinsb	Otitis media caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Haemophilus influenzae	Time above MIC	60%	38
Fluoroquinolones
Ciprofloxacin	Mainly nosocomial pneumonia	AUC24/MIC ratio	≥125	71
Levofloxacin	Serious community-acquired infection	Cmax/MIC ratio	≥12.2	111
Gatifloxacin and levofloxacin	Streptococcus pneumoniae community-acquired pneumonia and AECB	fuAUC24/MIC ratiod	≥33.7	1
Grepafloxacin	AECB	AUC24/MIC ratio	≥175	72
Garenoxacin	Community-acquired pneumonia, AECB, and sinusitis	Nonee		133
Levofloxacin	Nosocomial pneumonia	AUC24/MIC ratio	≥87	59
Ciprofloxacin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia	Cmax/MIC ratio	≥8	143
Other agents
Gentamicin	Nosocomial pneumonia	Cmax/MIC ratio	≥10	85
Gentamicin and tobramycin	Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteremia	Cmax/MIC ratio	≥8	143
Vancomycin	Staphylococcus aureus lower respiratory tract infection	AUC24/MIC ratio	≥350	101, 102

^aDRC was used as a surrogate of the MIC per reference 128.

^bThis was an analysis of data from multiple clinical studies.

^cAECB, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis.

^dfu, fraction unbound.

^eDue to the very high activity of the agent, fuAUC₂₄/MIC ratios were >200 in more than 90% of patients.

^fMagnitudes are expressed in terms of total drug, rather than unbound drug, unless stated otherwise.