TABLE 4.
Compilation of viral decay rates and viral turnover times obtained in different aquatic environments
| Environment | Depth (m) | Avg viral decay (k × 10−3) (h−1) | VTTa (days) | R2 | No. of time points | Incubation time (days) | In situ temp (°C) | Source or reference | Treatmentb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| North Atlantic | 900 | 3.3 (0.82) | 12.3 | 0.88 | 14 | 6 | 7.7 | This study | Log linear function; dark incubated; 0.02-μm FSW |
| North Atlantic | 2,400 | 3.4 (0.98) | 12.3 | 0.9 | 10 | 4 | 3.2 | This study | |
| North Atlantic | 2,750 | 3.7 (0.17) | 11.3 | 0.85 | 16 | 7 | 3.0 | This study | |
| North Atlantic | 4,000 | 1.1 (0.19) | 38.7 | 0.69 | 15 | 6 | 2.4 | This study | |
| Raunefjorden, Norway | Surface | 280 (40-500) | 0.15 | 35 | 14.0 | 5 | Log linear function; dark incubated; USW | ||
| Raunefjorden, Norway | Surface | 330 (20-890) | 0.13 | >5 | 19 | 15.0 | 4 | Log linear function; dark incubated; USW | |
| Bergen Harbor | Surface | 300 (10) | 0.14 | 4 | 1 | 12.0 | 17 | Log linear function; KCN | |
| Bergen | 1.5 | 1,100 (200) | 0.04 | 3 | 1 | 13.0 | 17 | Log linear function; KCN | |
| Coastal waters, Texas | Surface | 8-23 | 1.8-5.2 | 0.9-1 | 4-5 | 4 | 44 | Dark incubated; USW | |
| Coastal waters, Texas | Surface | 0-11 | 3.80 | 44 | Dark incubated; 0.02-μm FSW | ||||
| Coastal, Santa Monica | Surface | 13-18 | 2.3-3.2 | 12 | <1 | 31 | Dark incubated; USW | ||
| North Sea | Surface | 3-17 | 2.4-13.8 | 0.6-1 | 6 | 1 | 60 | Dark incubated; USW | |
| North Adriatic | Surface | 110-510 | 0.08-0.38 | 4 | 0.5 | 2 | Dark incubated; 0.02-μm FSW | ||
| North Adriatic | Surface | 450 | 0.09 | 4 | 0.5 | 2 | Dark incubated; 0.02-μm FSW | ||
| North Adriatic | Surface | 4.2-96 | 0.4-9.9 | 53 | Plaque assay | ||||
| North Adriatic | Surface | 300-1,100 | 0.04-0.14 | 54 | Direct counting method | ||||
| Bay of Århus | Surface | 1,100 | 0.04 | 6 | Log linear function; KCN | ||||
| Bacterial strain | Surface | 4.2 | 9.90 | 65 | Plaque assay | ||||
| Gulf of Mexico and North Sea | Surface | 500-8,300 | 0.01-0.08 | 43 | Light incubations, USW or 0.02-μm FSW plaque assay | ||||
| Gulf of Mexico | Surface | 0.7-0.85 | 0.05-0.06 | 58 | Dark-light incubations; USW or 0.02-μm FSW | ||||
| Mediterranean Sea | Surface | 20 | 0.002 | 9 | 2 | 14 | Dark-light incubations; KCN | ||
| Antarctic waters | Surface | 2-300 | 0.13-20 | 0.7-1 | 5 | 2 | 15 | 0.8- or 50-μm FSW; KCN | |
| Seawater, coliphages | Surface | 4-96 | <0.01-0.01 | 20 | |||||
| Danube backwater system | Surface | 20-150 | 0.27-2 | 10 | 1 | 5-25 | 25 | Log function | |
| Oxbow lake, Alte Danube | Surface | 0-130 | 0.32 | 18 | 0.37 | 9 | Different mathematical approaches; KCN |
a
VTT, viral turnover time.
b
0.2-μm FSW, seawater filtered with a 0.2-μm-pore-size filter; USW, unfiltered seawater; KCN, natural seawater with added potassium cyanide.