Table 1.

Overview of experimental studies of central nervous system (CNS) radioprotection

Reference	Animals	CNS region	RT schedule	AF schedule	Follow-up	Results
Guelman et al. [88]	Neonatal Wistar rats	Cephalic end	1 × 5 Gy	Subcutaneously 100 mg/kg	30 days (90 days for 1 endpoint)	Sign. protection
Alaoui et al. [89]	Young Sprague-Dawley rats	Whole body (brain)	1 × 2.5 Gy	Intraperitoneal 75 mg/kg	6 hours	No sign. protection
Lamproglou et al. [90]	Young Wistar rats	Whole brain	10 × 3 Gy	Intraperitoneal 37.5, 75 and 150 mg/kg	7.5 months	37.5 mg/kg not effective; 150 mg/kg caused 34% mortality; 75 mg/kg reduced memory dysfunction
Plotnikova et al. [91, 92]	Adult Wistar rats	Whole brain	1 × 25 Gy (earlier study with 40 or 60 Gy)	Intraperitoneal 300 mg/kg	18 months	Protection against vascular damage, necrosis and death after 25 Gy only
Spence et al. [93]	Adult F-344 rats	Spinal cord	1 × 20–38 Gy	Intrathecal 0.33 mg	36 weeks	Protection with DMF 1.3
Nieder et al. [94]	Adult F344 rats	Spinal cord	2 fractions, high dose	Intrathecal 0.3 mg	12 months	No sign. protection
Nieder et al. [94]	Adult F344 rats	Spinal cord	2 fractions, high dose	Subcutaneous 200 mg/kg	12 months	Protection at 36 Gy-level
Nieder et al. [43]	Adult F344 rats	Spinal cord	Single fraction, high dose	Intrathecal 0.3 mg plus s.c. IGF-1	12 months	Protection with DMF 1.07
Andratschke et al. [44]	Adult F344 rats	Spinal cord	2 fractions, high dose	Intrathecal PDGF as sole treatment	12 months	Protection with DMF 1.05

RT: radiotherapy; AF: amifostine; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor-1; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; DMF: dose modification factor