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Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) treated with tumor necrosis factor, then quiesced in low-serum medium overnight before incubation with ItG-infected erythrocytes (in low-serum medium) for the time period specified. The relative intensities represent the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-1/2, JNK, and p38 in cell lysates.
