Table 3.

Examples of integrated PCR chips that can accept the crude biological samples

Crude biological samples accepted on-chip	Approaches to processing crude samples on-chip	References
E. coli K12 MG1655 cells		(31)
S. pneumoniae cells	Thermal lysis	(45)
Whole blood or sperm cells	μ-SPE	(29)
E. coli cells	Thermal lysis	(14)
Bacterial cells (Streptococcus mutans, Staphylococcus epidermidis and E. coli BL21) and HBV	Laser-irradiated magnetic bead system (LIMBS)	(16)
Listeria monocytogenes cell lysate	μ-SPE	(37)
E. coli cells or total RNA, and human breast total RNA	Reverse transcription	(35)
Dengue virus type-2 and enterovirus 71 (EV 71) RNA	Reverse transcription	(46)
Dengue virus serotype 2 and enterovirus (EV) 71 viruses	Antibodies-conjugated magnetic bead capture and reverse transcription	(48)
Human whole blood	Micropillar array filter	(21)
White blood cells or whole blood from a patient's blood	μ-filter	(65)
Mice whole blood, and Nasal aspirate from a patient symptomatic of whooping cough	μ-SPE	(27)
Urine samples from renal transplant patients		(43)