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High serine concentrations inhibit chemotaxis but do not inhibit swarming. Effect of increasing serine concentrations (0, 15, and 30 mM, left to right) on swimming (chemotaxis) (A) and swarming (B) motility of E. coli (HCB429) expressing only Tsr (pJC3). Serine concentrations (30–50 mM) inhibit chemotaxis even when all four transducers are present (not shown). Growth conditions are as in Fig. 1, except all plates were incubated at 30°C for 16 h.
