Table 4.
Ex vivo production of cytokines and chemokines from tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α- or interleukin (IL)-18-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of control subjects (CTL), non-diabetic nephropathy (NDN) and diabetic nephropathy (DN) groups.
| Cytokine/chemokine | Group | Medium control (pg/ml) | Post-TNF-α activation (pg/ml) | Change post-TNF-α activation (%) | Post-IL-18 activation (pg/ml) | Change post-IL-18 activation (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | CTL | 21·7 (18·0–25·4) | n.d. | n.d. | 20·4 (16·6–22·8) | −11·2 [−22·9–(−1·79)] |
| NDN | 19·0 (13·6–24·0) | n.d. | n.d. | 25·1 (22·2–33·2) | 49·9 (19·8–97·5)†† | |
| DN | 22·0 (17·0–28·6) | n.d. | n.d. | 22·8 (17·7–26·2) | 1·17 (−21·9–46·6)‡ | |
| IL-6 | CTL | 15·6 (12·0–22·8) | 18·2 (12·3–37·5) | 9·52 (−19·6–42·0) | 17·4 (12·1–25·9) | −1·74 (−24·5–69·2) |
| NDN | 16·2 (7·20–22·6) | 35·9 (15·9–80·0)* | 159 (13·9–467)† | 36·0 (21·9–44·1)** | 73·1 (−2·04–216) | |
| DN | 20·0 (11·7–29·8) | 43·8 (28·1–82·3)*** | 95·6 (28·8–264)†† | 27·3 (18·9–53·4)*** | 22·6 (−16·0–134) | |
| IL-10 | CTL | 17·8 (13·2–20·9) | 20·5 (17·9–27·9) | 14·4 (−11·3–61·7) | 21·8 (15·6–26·2) | 15·7 (−3·16–66·1) |
| NDN | 14·0 (11·2–21·5) | 19·9 (15·5–30·1)* | 31·6 (−30·8–117) | 22·8 (19·9–27·4)** | 41·0 (8·10–130) | |
| DN | 19·6 (15·8–25·0) | 28·0 (19·0–38·2)*** | 46·3 (3·75–106) | 22·2 (17·2–27·2)* | 19·9 (−20·1–43·3) | |
| IL-18 | CTL | 76·3 (11·4–128) | 275 (108–348)** | 174 (34·2–279) | n.d. | n.d. |
| NDN | 100 (85·5–221) | 300 (200–390)* | 161 (68·5–204) | n.d. | n.d. | |
| DN | 109 (44·5–226) | 298 (181–570)*** | 164 (77·8–343) | n.d. | n.d. | |
| CXCL8 | CTL | 27·8 (22·1–33·0) | 175 (142–241)*** | 675 (474–820) | 26·7 (21·3–43·7) | 4·20 (−33·8–76·1) |
| NDN | 26·8 (20·4–32·8) | 291 (198–371)*** | 926 (711–1250)† | 47·2 (30·1–76·5)** | 139 (19·3–235)†† | |
| DN | 26·2 (22·6–37·0) | 300 (235–420)*** | 913 (626–1350)† | 36·0 (22·6–51·8)* | 26·3 (−13·0–67·9)‡ | |
| CXCL9 | CTL | 27·7 (19·9–37·4) | 20·0 (15·1–32·8) | −24·8 [−38·0–(−16·3)] | 20·3 (13·6–40·9) | −35·0 [−47·6–(−21·4)] |
| NDN | 36·4 (31·5–43·7) | 41·5 (33·6–56·8) | 20·9 (11·8–35·7)††† | 27·0 (23·1–38·4) | −24·3 [−29·5–(−13·8)] | |
| DN | 62·9 (42·6–112) | 64·9 (40·0–98·7) | 2·00 (−39·6–30·0)‡ | 46·2 (28·0–90·7)* | −29·5 [−45·9–(−6·78)] | |
| CXCL10 | CTL | 12·3 (8·15–30·0) | 9·75 (6·55–19·1) | −34·2 (−60·3–19·9) | 12·1 (6·80–22·1) | 33·8 (−52·3–236) |
| NDN | 9·80 (7·45–16·10) | 12·5 (8·70–39·9) | 49·3 (3·92–185)† | 10·9 (4·95–22·0) | 3·95 (−50·7–83·6) | |
| DN | 16·5 (11·9–28·0) | 25·3 (15·0–51·6)* | 35·1 (−34·8–148)† | 18·6 (9·00–48·0) | −30·7 (−59·0–284) | |
| CCL2 | CTL | 9·00 (7·70–12·2) | 7·85 (6·30–10·2) | −14·6 [−32·7–(−2·13)] | 5·40 (4·80–6·30)*** | −41·0 [−53·7–(−25·7)] |
| NDN | 10·8 (8·60–14·55) | 15·0 (13·5–21·1)* | 48·5 (31·7–58·6)††† | 5·10 (4·65–6·45)*** | −50·4 [−57·0–(−42·9)] | |
| DN | 10·8 (8·50–13·0) | 13·0 (10·8–16·5)*** | 20·9 (0·00–61·9)††† | 4·95 (4·50–5·80)*** | −50·2 [−58·1–(−42·3)]† | |
| CCL5 | CTL | 149 (72·6–278) | 75·8 (39·9–138) | −48·5 [−63·1–(−40·3)] | 50·3 (34·3–154)* | −55·8 [−71·4–(−46·5)] |
| NDN | 91·8 (66·0–165) | 132 (85·9–276) | 22·1 (11·2–46·4)††† | 48·9 (29·8–104)* | −50·3 [−58·8–(−8·21)] | |
| DN | 174 (84·0–292) | 216 (95·2–363) | 5·07 (−37·3–39·9)††† | 118 (36·5–248)* | −43·1 [−65·0–(−33·1)] |
The culture supernatant was derived from whole blood cultured with medium in the absence or presence of TNF-α (150 ng/ml) or IL-18 (150 ng/ml) for 24 hours. Results are expressed as median (IQR). The Kruskal–Wallis test was used to access the differences of production between TNF-α-treated or IL-18-treated and medium control groups
(P < 0·05
P < 0·01
P < 0·001), percentage change between CTL and patient groups
P < 0·05
P < 0·01
P < 0·001) and percentage change between NDN and DN groups
P < 0·05). n.d.: Not done.