Table 1.

Differences in functional roles between tumour-associated immature dendritic cells (TiDCs) and peripheral iDCs, and newly produced iDCs from bone marrow.

Functional role	TiDCs/peripheral iDCs	Newly produced iDCs
Susceptibility to apoptosis [17]	Resistant/sensitive, pro-apoptotic	Sensitive
Response to maturation signal [18,19]	Maturation/maturation	Maturation
Anrigen-presenting ability [18,19]	Insufficient/insufficient	Sufficient
Secretion of cytokines [53,55]	Most TiDCs are primed with apoptotic cells Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, TGF-β)	Proinflammatory cytokines (IL-12) after maturation
Immunosuppressive factors [45]	Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Reactive oxygen species	None
Inducible factors [9,10,60,67]	VEGF	GM-CSF, G-GSF
Immune response [18,19]	Immune tolerance	Tumour immunity

GM-CSF: granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IL: interleukin; TGF: transforming growth factor; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.