Astrocyte proliferation assays were performed in the presence of PBS, N-CAM, and reagents that act on the FGF receptor or modulate intracellular signaling pathways. bFGF (20 ng/ml), a peptide corresponding to the CAM homology domain in the FGF receptor (10 μg/ml), a scrambled peptide (10 μg/ml) containing the same amino acids as the CAM homology peptide, mastoparan (500 nM), pertussis toxin (200 ng/ml), arachidonic acid (500 nM), erbstatin A (1 μg/ml), herbimycin A (100 nM), conotoxin (50 nM), and verapamil (500 nM) were added individually to astrocytes in the presence or absence of N-CAM (5 μg/ml). Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 4 for each condition).