Error functions E and the IC values IC of one sample for the three dipoles case. The five penalty functions are used in this example. 10% noise and 128-electrode configuration, and Case A were used. In the upper panel, the error function E is obtained by the cost function (1),
. In the lower panel, the IC values are calculated with the error functions E shown in the upper panel. The estimated ECD number by the IC method with five penalty function (C1···C5 ) are 4, 3, 3, 3 and 2, respectively.