Table 10.
Predictions about imprinting effects in haplodiploid social insects.
| Behavior | Expressed in | Under condition(s) | Action of patrigenes | Action of matrigenes |
| Suppressing excess demands by female larvae (Table 5) | Workers | Any queen or mate number | Less suppressive | More suppressive |
| Suppressing excess demands by male larvae (Table 6) | Workers | Any queen or mate number | More suppressive | Less suppressive |
| Competition among coeval queens or foundresses (Table 2) | Reproductive females | One queen, singly mated | Less competitive | More competitive |
| One queen, mated more than twice | More competitive | Less competitive | ||
| Multiple related queens, singly mated | Usually less competitive | Usually more competitive | ||
| Multiple unrelated queens, singly mated | No imprinting | No imprinting | ||
| Sex ratio: e.g. killing male larvae, harassing male adults (Table 3) | Workers | Any queen or mate number | Favor females | Favor males |
| Queens | Any queen or mate number | No imprinting | No imprinting | |
| Helping queen(s) or leaving to reproduce (Table 4) | Females | One queen, singly mated, benefits not sex-biased | No imprinting | No imprinting |
| One queen, singly mated, benefits female biased | More altruistic | More selfish | ||
| One queen, singly mated, benefits male biased | More selfish | More altruistic | ||
| One queen, singly mated, split sex ratios | More altruistic in female-biased; more selfish in male-biased | More selfish in female-biased; more altruistic in male-biased | ||
| One queen, more than 2 mates | More selfish | More altruistic | ||
| Multiple queens, benefits not sex-biased | More selfish | More altruistic | ||
| Workers (Table 5) | All | Aid selfishness | Force helping | |
| Adding a daughter queen, or replacing old queen with daughter queen (Table 2 or 4) | Daughter queen to be added | One queen, singly mated | No imprinting or less in favor | No imprinting or more in favor |
| One queen, more than 2 mates | More in favor | Less in favor | ||
| Many related queens | Depends on specific conditions | Depends on specific conditions | ||
| Old queen | Any queen or mate number | No imprinting | No imprinting | |
| Workers (Table 5) | Any queen or mate number | Favors daughter queens more | Favors old queens more | |
| Become a worker or a queen (Table 2 or 4) | Female affected | One queen, singly mated | No imprinting or worker | No imprinting or queen |
| One queen, more than 2 mates | Queen | Worker | ||
| Many related queens, new queens from single generation of old queens | Usually queen | Usually worker | ||
| Old queen | Any queen or mate number | No imprinting | No imprinting | |
| Workers (Table 5) | Any queen or mate number | Favors queen more | Favors worker more | |
| Division of colony between mother queen and daughter (Table 4) | Daughter queen | One queen, singly mated No sex ratio bias | Unimprinted | Unimprinted |
| Daughter queen | One queen, multiply mated | Favor self more | Favor mother queen more | |
| Mother queen | Any mate number | Unimprinted | Unimprinted | |
| Workers (Table 5) | Any mate number | Favor daughter queen more | Favor old queen more | |
| Excess food demands (Table 4) | Female larvae | One queen, singly mated, no sex bias | No imprinting | No imprinting |
| One queen, more than 2 mates | More demanding | Less demanding | ||
| Many queens | Depends on queen number & relatedness | Depends on queen number & relatedness | ||
| Laying of eggs in queenless colonies | Workers | One queen, singly mated | Lay fewer eggs, help more | Lay more eggs, help less |
| One queen, mated more than twice | Lay more eggs, help less | Lay fewer eggs, help more | ||
| Multiple related queens, singly mated | Lay more eggs, help less | Lay fewer eggs Help more, | ||
| Replacement of queen's male eggs by worker's male egg (Table 7) | Replacing worker | Any queen or mate number | Lay male eggs | Lay fewer eggs |
| Policing of worker male eggs in queenright colonies (Table 8) | Other workers | Any queen or mate number | Less prone to police | More prone to police |
| Queen killing to allow worker male production (Table 8) | Workers other than the egg layer | Any queen or mate number | More prone to kill queen? | Less prone to kill queen? |
| Colonymate discrimination | Workers | Neighboring colonies have related queen, unrelated queen mates | Discriminate more | Discriminate less |
| Most other structures | No imprinting | No imprinting | ||
| Patriline discrimination | Workers | One queen, multiply mated | Discriminate more | Discriminate less |
| Matriline discrimination | Workers | Multiple singly-mated related queens | Discriminate more | Discriminate less |
When costs and benefits are said to be female biased, it means more female biased than the population sex ratio (f/m > F/M). Males are assumed to be queen produced unless otherwise noted.