Table 3.
Effects of interesterified fats in the lipemic model
| Fat class | Reference | Study population | Study design | Diet | Endpoints |
| Palm olein (sn-1/3 C16:0) vs Betapol™/interesterified palm olein (sn-2 C16:0) | Zampelas et al. [121] | 16 healthy men Mean age: 24.8 ± 2.6 y Mean BMI: 22.7 ± 2.4 kg/m2 |
Randomized cross-over 2-wk wash-out 6 hr postprandial event Bleeds at -10, 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 min |
Liquid meal: Meal replacement diet (Carnation Slender) + 40 g test fat + 200 ml water | Fat clearance: no difference Glucose, insulin and GIP: no difference |
| Palm olein (sn-1/3 C16:0) vs interesterified palm olein (sn-2 C16:0) | Yli-Jokipii et al. [19] | 11 women age: 18–45 y BMI: 18.5–25 kg/m2 |
Double-blind Randomized cross-over 4-wk wash-out 6 hr postprandial event |
Identical FAC with 32.8% of 16:0 Positional distribution: 16:0 in sn-1/3 for PO and in sn-2 for interesterified PO Liquid fat load-55 g/m2 BSA |
Fat clearance: no difference IAUC TAG: sn-1/3 C16:0 > sn-2 C16:0 Insulin: sn-1/3 C16:0 <sn-2 C16:0 Chylomicron-TAG structure: similar to diet TAG structure VLDL-TAG structure: similar for both test meals but dissimilar to diet origin. |
| Butter vs Fat replacers (Paselli™ vs Simplesse™ vs Olestra™) | Mattes [118] | 2 men and 15 women Age: 28.5 ± 1.9 y BMI:26.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2 |
Randomized crossover 80 g almond evening meal prior to postprandial day Modified sham feeding (MSF) for oral stimulation 0 h: baseline bleed +10 min: 50 g safflower oil capsule + 20 min: blood drawn + every 3 min for 60 min: MSF + every 15 min for 60 min: MSF + bleeds at 2.5 h, 4.5 h, 6.5 h, 8.5 h after baseline |
MSF @ 2 hr after baseline. Mashed potato alone as control. Test fat (= 50 g) fed in capsules with mashed potato. |
AUC TAG: Butter > potato = Paselli™ = No MSF > Simplesse™ > Olestra Serum 18:1, apo B48, apo B 100: no treatment effects |
| Interesterified C18:0-rich sunflower oil vs C18:1-rich HOSO | Sanders et al. [47] | 16 healthy subjects: 11 men, 5 women mean age (yr): 25.5 mean BMI (kg/m2): 23.2 |
Randomized crossover 7 hr postprandial events 0,1,2,4 and 5 hr drawn capillary blood 3 and 7 hr venous blood |
Test fat : 90 g vs Low fat = 10 g Test meal challenge: cottage pie + banana milkshake with total nutrient value of 5.2 MJ, 37 g protein Fat-free lunch (1.7 MJ) after 3 hr |
FVIIa: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-2 C18:0 |
| C18:0-rich cocoa butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs C18:1-rich HOSO (sn-2 C18:1) vs randomized C18:0-rich Salatrim™ (sn-2 C18:0) | Sanders et al. [48] | 17 men and 18 women mean age (yr): men 51.3; women 46.2 mean BMI (kg/m2): men 25.9 and women 26.5 |
Randomized crossover 3 wk feeding per phase with 1 wk wash-out 0, 3 and 6 hr postprandial events |
Test fat:30 g Test meal: muffin + strawberry milkshake Total nutrient value: 50 g fat, 17 g protein, 48 g carbohydrate |
FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:1 > sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:1> sn-2 C18:0 |
| C18:0 rich cocoa butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs interesterified cocoa butter (sn-2 C18:0) |
Sanders et al. [126] | 17 healthy males mean age: 38.2 yr mean BMI: 24.5 kg/m2 |
Randomized crossover 3 wk feeding per phase ≥ 1 wk wash-out 1,2,4 and 5 h postprandial events |
Test meal: milkshake + muffin Nutrient value: 3.13 MJ, 16 g protein+ 50 g carbohydrate + 50 g test fat 3 h post-meal: fruit and low-fat yoghurt |
FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 <sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 > sn-2 C18:0 |
| C18:0 rich cocoa butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs Interesterified C18:0-rich sunflower oil (sn-2 C18:0) |
Berry & Sanders [128] | 6 healthy males age: 20–40 yr |
Randomized crossover 6 hr postprandial event |
Test fat: 50 g | FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 <sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 > sn-2 C18:0 |
| Unrandomized shea butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs randomized shea butter (sn-2 C18:0) | Berry & Sanders [22] | 16 healthy males | Randomized crossover trial | Test fat: 50 g Test meal: muffins |
FVIIa: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-1/3 C18:0 = sn-2 C18:0 |
| Unrandomized shea butter (sn-1/3 C18:0) vs C18:1-rich HOSO (sn-2 C18:1) | Berry & Sanders [129] | 13 healthy males age: 20–43 yr |
Randomized crossover trial 6 hr postprandial event |
Test fat: 50 g | FVIIa: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-1/3 C18:0 Plasma TAG: sn-2 C18:1 > sn-1/3 C18:0 |
| Interesterified fatty acids sn-2 C18:0 (n = 16) sn-2 C16:0 (n = 16) sn-2 C18:2 (n = 16) sn-2 C18:1 (n = 16) sn-2 C14:0+C16:0 (n = 8) sn-2 trans C18:1(n = 15) |
Tholstrup et al. [131] | 16 healthy men age: 21 to 28 yr BMI: 19.5 to 28.1 kg/m2 |
Crossover design ≥ 3 wk wash-out 2 days familiarization |
Total fat energy-50.6% SFA:PUFA:MUFA = 40:41:19 Interesterified fatty acids targeted at ≈ 43% by wt Single meal fat-loading:1 g/kg BW |
Fat clearance: C18:0 = C16:0 < C16:0+C14:0 <cis and trans C18:1 < C18:2 LpL: C18:0 = C16:0 = C16:0+C14:0 <cis C18:1 <trans C18:1 < C18:2 CETP: ↑ for trans C18:1 after 4 h; ↓ for C18:0 and C18:2 until 4 h; no change for the rest. |