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AFM image of intact pUC18 plasmids obtained from a sample that contained the total amount of 1 pg of DNA material. Scan size 5 × 5 μm2. The inset images obtained at a higher resolution show in detail the supercoiled structure of these plasmids. The scale bar for these inset images is 100 nm. The sample was prepared by spreading 0.1 μl of a 10 pg/μl solution of pUC18 on the APS-mica surface and incubating for 3 min. This assay requires extremely small amounts of DNA to evaluate damage.
