| (11) | a. | The singing of the opera | nominal gerund |
| b. | The lyrics of the opera | noun phrase | |
| c. | (*The) Singing the opera | verbal gerund | |
| d. | John sang the opera. | verb phrase |
| (11) | a. | The singing of the opera | nominal gerund |
| b. | The lyrics of the opera | noun phrase | |
| c. | (*The) Singing the opera | verbal gerund | |
| d. | John sang the opera. | verb phrase |