| (12) | a. | The loud singing of the opera | nominal gerund |
| b. | ?The singing of the opera loudly | nominal gerund | |
| c. | Singing the opera loudly | verbal gerund | |
| d. | *Loud singing the opera | verbal gerund |
| (12) | a. | The loud singing of the opera | nominal gerund |
| b. | ?The singing of the opera loudly | nominal gerund | |
| c. | Singing the opera loudly | verbal gerund | |
| d. | *Loud singing the opera | verbal gerund |