Table 3.
Association between economic conditions in utero and late-life health
| Dependent variable | Independent variable: Residual In(crop yield) |
Independent variable: In(income) |
Independent variable: Employment index |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crop yield | Farmer | Crop yield × farmer | Income | Farmer | Income × farmer | Employment | Farmer | Employment × farmer | |
| Death within 2 years | 0.0205*** (0.0074) |
−0.0134*** (0.0016) |
−0.0149 (0.0149) |
−0.0002 (0.0116) |
−0.0223 (0.02) |
0.0023 (0.0053) |
−0.0003 (0.0004) |
−0.0068 (0.012) |
−0.0001 (0.0002) |
| Diabetes | 0.0069 (0.0381) |
−0.019** (0.0091) |
−0.0363 (0.0589) |
−0.0117 (0.0572) |
0.0751 (0.245) |
−0.0105 (0.024) |
0.0025 (0.0017) |
−0.0347 (0.0558) |
0.0002 (0.0007) |
| Heart condition | 0.0493 (−0.0445) |
−0.0083 (−0.0114) |
−0.0169 (−0.0729) |
0.0077 (−0.0651) |
0.0073 (0.2397) |
−0.0016 (0.0298) |
0.0002 (0.002) |
0.0474 (−0.0845) |
−0.0006 (0.0008) |
| High blood pressure | 0.0643 (0.0612) |
−0.004 (0.0158) |
−0.1348 (0.0998) |
0.0689 (0.0923) |
0.3981 (0.2277) |
−0.0537 (0.0392) |
−0.0008 (0.0027) |
−0.1537 (0.0948) |
0.0018 (0.0011) |
| Chronic lung disease | 0.0114 (−0.0336) |
−0.0039 (0.0084) |
0.0398 (−0.0567) |
−.0541 (0.0494) |
−0.0298 (0.1408) |
0.0032 (0.0216) |
0.0017 (0.0015) |
−0.0712* (−0.0385) |
0.0009 (0.0007) |
| Psychiatric condition | −0.0264 (0.0385) |
−0.0158* (0.0089) |
0.027 (0.0648) |
−0.078 (0.0596) |
0.6927** (0.2789) |
−0.055** (0.0243) |
−0.0009 (0.0017) |
−0.0195 (0.057) |
0 (0.0007) |
| Stroke | −0.0044 (−0.0173) |
−0.0015 (−0.0045) |
0.0009 (−0.0302) |
.0079 (0.0268) |
−.0001 (0.0976) |
−.0001 (0.0125) |
0.0021** (0.0008) |
−0.0184 (−0.0223) |
0.0002 (0.0003) |
| Arthritis | −0.027 (0.0605) |
0.0221 (0.0159) |
0.0132 (0.0975) |
0.0817 (0.0924) |
0.2805 (0.2494) |
−0.0356 (0.0394) |
0.004 (0.0027) |
0.0619 (0.1017) |
−0.0005 (0.0011) |
| Disability | 0.0153 (0.0419) |
0.0263** (0.0108) |
0.0765 (0.0648) |
−0.034 (0.0643) |
−0.1394 (0.1415) |
0.023 (0.0251) |
−0.0012 (0.0018) |
−0.0059 (0.0686) |
0.0003 (0.0007) |
| Any ADL | 0.0061 (0.0276) |
0.0027 (0.0068) |
0.0381 (0.0448) |
−0.0098 (0.0421) |
0.1736 (0.2516) |
−0.0153 (0.0166) |
0.0004 (0.0012) |
−0.0601** (0.0307) |
0.0008 (0.0005) |
| Any IADL | 0.0115 (0.0373) |
0.0245** (0.0097) |
0.055 (0.0574) |
−0.0192 (0.0574) |
−0.104 (0.1275) |
0.0178 (0.0225) |
−0.0021 (0.0016) |
0.0172 (0.0628) |
0 (0.0007) |
| Height | 0.485 (0.3385) |
−0.0382 (0.0964) |
−0.4718 (0.6057) |
0.4815 (0.554) |
1.3024 (1.8785) |
−0.1619 (0.238) |
0.0038 (0.0166) |
−0.3177 (0.6453) |
0.0036 (0.007) |
| BMI | 0.3333 (0.622) |
0.0199 (0.1707) |
−0.9127 (1.0104) |
0.2708 (0.9682) |
1.4509 (3.277) |
−0.1714 (0.4149) |
0.005 (0.0115) |
−1.7463 (1.0709) |
0.02* (0.0116) |
All cells report marginal probabilities calculated from logit estimates at the mean of the independent variables except for height and BMI cells, which report ordinary least-squares estimates. Standard errors clustered at the individual level are shown below in parentheses. Each set of three columns corresponds to a separate regression, with dependent variables shown at the left of each row. Given that 78 estimates of interest are shown, the probability of a statistically significant estimate at the α = 0.05 if no true correlation exists is >98%. Applying an appropriate multiple comparison correction (Bonferroni's adjustment) to recover an underlying confidence level of α = 0.05 yields a corrected significance level of α = 0.00064.
*, P < 0.10;
**, P < 0.05;
***, P < 0.01.