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Model of cell cycle progression triggered by rapid E2-induced signaling pathways in HepG2 cells. E2, via a putative membrane ER, mediates the rapid activation of MAP kinase, PKC, and PI(3)K signaling pathways that cross-talk and drive cells through G1–S phase transition inducing DNA synthesis: MAP kinase and PI3K signals regulate cyclin D1 transcription, whereas the role of PKC is focused on the following steps of the cell cycle regulation.
