FIG. 3.

Pathway predicted to transform the hydroxycinnamates p-coumarate, caffeate, and ferulate to the respective intermediates p-hydroxybenzoate, protocatechuate, and vanillate in Acinetobacter sp. strain ADP1. Homologs of HcaA, shown as two reaction products, have been shown to be bifunctional enzymes that participate in the metabolism of ferulate by other organisms, as noted in the text.