Table 1.

Anti-inflammatory effects of PPARα and PPARγ agonists on the molecular level.

Experimental system	Nuclear receptor	Regulated signals	Reference
Cytokine- and LPS-stimulated microglia	PPARα, RXR	NO synthesis, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12p40, TNFα, MCP-1	[78]
Activated macrophages	PPARα, γ	iNOS, heme ogygenase (COX-2, HSP70 not affected)	[70]
Activated macrophages	PPARγ	iNOS, MMP-9, scavenger receptor A	[80]
Activated human monocytes	PPARγ	IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα	[81]
Activated macrophages	PPARγ	Reactive oxigen species	[77]
LPS-stimulated microglia	PPARγ	IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, iNOS	[87]
LPS-stimulated microglia	PPARγ	IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, COX-2	[85]
Aβ-stimulated microglia	PPARγ	IL-6, TNFα, COX-2	[82]
LPS-stimulated astrocytes	PPARα, RXR	IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, MCP-1	[88]
LPS-stimulated astrocytes	PPARγ	IL-6, TNFα, iNOS, COX-2	[85]
LPS-stimulated astrocytes	PPARγ	IL-1β, IL-6, TNFα, MCP-1, iNOS	[87]
Cerebellar injection of IFNγ, LPS	PPARγ	iNOS, cell death	[89]
MPTP-treated mice	PPARγ	iNOS, IκB, cell death	[86]
APPV717I transgenic mice	PPARγ	iNOS, COX-2, β-amyloid	[83]
Rat spinal cord injury	PPARγ	IRF-1, IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1, ICAM, Egr-1	[106]
Rat model for stroke	PPARγ	IL-1β, iNOS, COX-2	[107]