Figure 1.

Father presence and correlates of offspring key life-history traits. A living father is associated with: (a) lower age at first reproduction of all of his offspring (GLMM: F_1,439=27.65, p<0.0001); (b) reduced inter-birth intervals of all of his offspring (GLMM: F_1,926=12.58, p=0.0004); and (c) increased reproductive tenure length of first-born son's only (GLMM: interaction: F_1,550=6.91, p=0.0088). First boy, first-born son; first girl, first-born daughter; later boy, later-born son; later girl, later-born daughter. Graphs show predicted means (±1 s.e.) from GLMMs after controlling for significant effects outlined in the relevant section of the results and repeated measures of father (p_(a–c)=0.0008,<0.0001, 0.04, respectively).