Table 2.
Associations between infections (helminths, malaria and HIV) and anaemia in pregnancy
| Infection | Anaemia prevalence |
Crude OR (95% CI) | P-valuea | Adjusted ORb (95% CI) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion (%) | |||||
| Hookworm | |||||
| No | 530/1386 (38.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 465/1112 (41.8) | 1.16 (0.99–1.36) | 0.070 | 1.07 (0.90–1.27) | 0.431 |
| Mansonella | |||||
| No | 773/1968 (39.3) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 223/531 (42.0) | 1.12 (0.92–1.36) | 0.257 | 1.03 (0.84–1.27) | 0.768 |
| Schistosoma mansoni | |||||
| No | 815/2040 (40.0) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 180/458 (39.3) | 0.97 (0.79–1.20) | 0.797 | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.617 |
| Strongyloides | |||||
| No | 865/2179 (39.7) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 127/306 (41.5) | 1.08 (0.85–1.37) | 0.547 | 1.06 (0.82–1.36) | 0.663 |
| Trichuris | |||||
| No | 904/2272 (39.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 91/226 (40.3) | 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | 0.889 | 0.95 (0.71–1.28) | 0.738 |
| Malaria parasites | |||||
| No | 807/2191 (36.8) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Yes | 175/268 (65.3) | 3.23 (2.47–4.21) | <0.001 | 3.22 (2.43–4.26) | <0.001 |
| HIV status | |||||
| Negative | 825/2208 (37.4) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Positive | 171/299 (57.2) | 2.24 (1.75–2.86) | <0.001 | 2.46 (1.90–3.19) | <0.001 |
OR: odds ratio.
a
P-values are from the likelihood ratio test.
b
Adjusted OR estimated from multivariate logistic regression models that included age, tribe, socioeconomic indices and gravidity.