Table 3.
Association between intensity of helminth infections and anaemia in pregnancy
| Helminth/categories of intensity | Anaemia prevalence |
Crude OR (95% CI) | P-valueb | Adjusted ORc (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted ORd (95% CI) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Proportion (%) | P-valuea | |||||||
| Hookworm | ||||||||
| Uninfected | 530/1386 (38.2) | 0.035 | 1 | 0.007 | 1 | 0.112 | 1 | 0.245 |
| Light (<1000 epg) | 382/942 (40.6) | 1.10 (0.93–1.31) | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) | 1.03 (0.80–1.33) | ||||
| Moderate (1000–3999 epg) | 59/127 (46.5) | 1.40 (0.97–2.02) | 1.61 (0.96–2.72) | 1.74 (0.98–3.11) | ||||
| Heavy (≥4000 epg) | 24/43 (55.8) | 2.04 (1.11–3.77) | 1.71 (0.75–3.92) | 1.26 (0.49–3.20) | ||||
| Mansonella | ||||||||
| Uninfected | 773/1968 (39.3) | 0.637 | 1 | 0.445 | 1 | 0.490 | 1 | 0.262 |
| Light (<30 mf/ml) | 85/197 (43.1) | 1.17 (0.87–1.58) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.74 (0.47–1.16) | ||||
| Moderate (30–99 mf/ml) | 50/116 (43.1) | 1.17 (0.80–1.71) | 1.02 (0.63–1.65) | 1.00 (0.57–1.76) | ||||
| Heavy (≥100 mf/ml) | 88/218 (40.4) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 0.86 (0.60–1.24) | 0.81 (0.53–1.25) | ||||
| Schistosoma | ||||||||
| Uninfected | 815/2040 (40.0) | 0.184 | 1 | 0.943 | 1 | 0.661 | 1 | 0.615 |
| Light (<100 epg) | 118/297 (39.7) | 0.99 (0.77–1.27) | 0.81 (0.59–1.12) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | ||||
| Moderate (100–399 epg) | 26/85 (30.6) | 0.66 (0.41–1.06) | 0.55 (0.29–1.05) | 0.53 (0.24–1.19) | ||||
| Heavy (≥400 epg) | 36/76 (47.4) | 1.35 (0.85–2.14) | 1.44 (0.79–2.62) | 1.53 (0.78–2.98) | ||||
OR: odds ratio; epg: eggs per gram of stool; mf: microfilariae.
a
P-values are from the χ2 test for heterogeneity.
b
P-values are from the χ2 test for trend.
c
Adjusted for age, tribe, socioeconomic indices and gravidity, but not malaria or HIV.
d
Adjusted for age, tribe, socioeconomic indices, gravidity, malaria and HIV.