Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of diabetic case and control subjects*
| Characteristic | Case subjects | Control subjects | P† |
|---|---|---|---|
| n | 1,584 | 2,198 | — |
| Age (years) | 62.7 ± 7.0 | 62.3 ± 7.0 | — |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.3 ± 7.0 | 27.6 ± 5.9 | <0.0001 |
| Waist circumference (in) | 38.2 ± 6.0 | 32.8 ± 5.0 | <0.0001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.86 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | <0.0001 |
| Race | |||
| White | 968 (61.1) | 968 (44.0) | — |
| Black | 366 (23.1) | 732 (33.3) | — |
| Hispanic | 152 (9.60) | 303 (13.8) | — |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 98 (6.21) | 195 (8.85) | — |
| Family history of diabetes | 849 (57.5) | 772 (37.9) | <0.0001 |
| Current hormone therapy | 34.2 | 43.7 | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | 0.02 | ||
| Never | 50.3 | 55.8 | — |
| Past | 42.0 | 37.4 | — |
| Current | 7.74 | 6.82 | — |
| Alcohol use | <0.0001 | ||
| Nondrinker | 17.3 | 16.1 | — |
| Past drinker | 27.2 | 21.5 | — |
| <1 drink/month | 15.9 | 13.1 | — |
| ≥1 drink/month to <1 drink/week | 20.7 | 20.3 | — |
| ≥1 drink/week | 18.9 | 28.9 | — |
| Physical activity (MET · h−1 · week−1) | 9.84 ± 12.4 | 12.8 ± 14.4 | <0.0001 |
| Biomarkers | |||
| Fasting insulin (μIU/ml) | 12.6 (8.14–18.6) | 6.40 (4.40–9.61) | <0.0001 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/ml) | 6.78 (5.89–8.17) | 5.11 (4.83–5.44) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-IR | 4.03 (2.48–6.28) | 1.44 (0.97–2.27) | <0.0001 |
| HOMA-B | 75.1 (44.6–118) | 81.7 (56.1–120) | <0.0001 |
Data are means ± SD, n (%), percentages, or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated. Medians and interquartile ranges are provided for continuous variables with skewed distributions.
*
Case and control subjects were matched on age, race/ethnicity, clinical center, time of blood draw, and duration of follow-up.
†
P values for the difference between patients and control subjects were determined by mixed-effects regression for continuous variables and by a matched χ-square test for variables expressed as percentages.