TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics among 1,584 women with diabetes and 2,198 matched control subjects according to ethnicity and diabetes status*
| Whites
|
Blacks
|
Hispanics
|
Asian/Pacific Islanders
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic† | Case subjects | Control subjects | Case subjects | Control subjects | Case subjects | Control subjects | Case subjects | Control subjects |
| Participants (N) | 968 | 968 | 366 | 732 | 152 | 303 | 98 | 195 |
| Age (years) | 64 ± 6.9 | 64 ± 6.9 | 61 ± 6.7 | 61 ± 6.7 | 60 ± 6.8 | 60 ± 6.7 | 64 ± 7.7 | 64 ± 7.6 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 33 ± 6.9 | 26 ± 5.1 | 34 ± 7.7 | 30 ± 6.6 | 31 ± 5.8 | 28 ± 5.3 | 27 ± 4.3 | 24 ± 4.6 |
| Waist (inches) | 39 ± 5.9 | 32 ± 4.8 | 38 ± 6.1 | 34 ± 5.3 | 36 ± 5.9 | 33 ± 4.4 | 33 ± 4.1 | 29 ± 3.8 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.08 | 0.80 ± 0.07 | 0.86 ± 0.10 | 0.81 ± 0.07 | 0.87 ± 0.07 | 0.80 ± 0.06 |
| Physical activity (MET-hours/week) | ||||||||
| Median | 6.1 | 10 | 4.5 | 6.3 | 4.3 | 7.5 | 8.6 | 9.3 |
| Interquartile range | 1.0–14 | 3.8–20 | 0–13 | 1.2–15 | 0–13 | 1.3–18 | 2.3–19 | 3.5–18 |
| Current smoker (%) | 6.9 | 5.5 | 11 | 11 | 8.0 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 4.1 |
| Alcohol intake (%) | ||||||||
| Nondrinker | 13 | 10 | 20 | 16 | 25 | 19 | 40 | 41 |
| Past drinker | 23 | 16 | 35 | 31 | 34 | 21 | 32 | 16 |
| Current drinker | ||||||||
| <1 drink/month | 18 | 11 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 17 | 12 | 14 |
| 1 drink/month to 1 drink/week | 24 | 21 | 18 | 20 | 14 | 22 | 12 | 15 |
| ≥1 drink/week | 23 | 41 | 15 | 20 | 11 | 21 | 4.1 | 14 |
| Current hormone therapy (%) | 37 | 49 | 22 | 35 | 32 | 46 | 53 | 48 |
| Family history of diabetes (%)‡ | 51 | 31 | 70 | 45 | 71 | 45 | 60 | 40 |
| Biomarkers | ||||||||
| E-selectin (ng/ml) | ||||||||
| Median | 50 | 34 | 47 | 41 | 55 | 40 | 48 | 36 |
| Interquartile range | 34–73 | 25–48 | 33–67 | 28–53 | 39–79 | 29–57 | 31–72 | 24–47 |
| ICAM-1 (ng/ml) | ||||||||
| Median | 337 | 290 | 288 | 260 | 335 | 290 | 276 | 258 |
| Interquartile range | 289–397 | 253–338 | 218–349 | 179–320 | 286–399 | 249–338 | 219–338 | 220–294 |
| VCAM-1 (ng/ml) | ||||||||
| Median | 829 | 751 | 628 | 612 | 766 | 738 | 694 | 684 |
| Interquartile range | 655–1,014 | 601–926 | 497–784 | 475–776 | 599–995 | 555–878 | 534–910 | 538–857 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/liter) | ||||||||
| Median | 4.25 | 2.03 | 4.41 | 2.53 | 4.30 | 2.50 | 1.52 | 0.73 |
| Interquartile range | 2.18–7.50 | 0.90–4.12 | 2.12–8.69 | 0.88–5.26 | 2.49–8.09 | 1.15–4.83 | 0.76–2.96 | 0.32–1.82 |
| HOMA-IR§ | ||||||||
| Median | 4.06 | 1.28 | 4.16 | 1.75 | 4.35 | 1.71 | 3.05 | 1.18 |
| Interquartile range | 2.52–6.42 | 0.85–1.87 | 2.49–6.23 | 1.16–2.75 | 2.73–5.95 | 1.05–2.57 | 2.00–4.84 | 0.84–1.75 |
Plus-minus values are means ± SD.
Data on women are from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study and include 5.9 years of follow-up. Matching criteria were age, race/ethnicity, clinical center, time of blood draw, and duration of follow-up. Medians and interquartile ranges are provided for continuous variables with skewed distributions.
Differences of covariates (except for age) between case and control subjects in each group were statistically significant (P < 0.05).
Family history of diabetes was defined as self-reported diabetes in a first-degree relative.
HOMA-IR was calculated as the product of fasting serum insulin and fasting plasma glucose divided by 22.5.