TABLE 4.
Ethnicity-specific RRs for diabetes according to quartiles of plasma levels of endothelial adhesion molecules
| Variable | Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | P value for trend* | Continuous (per 1 SD increase)† | P value for interaction‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| E-selectin | |||||||
| Multivariable model§ | |||||||
| Whites | 1.00 | 1.54 (1.01–2.35) | 2.36 (1.50–3.72) | 4.03 (2.59–6.28) | <0.0001 | 1.75 (1.51–2.02) | 0.02 |
| Blacks | 1.00 | 1.62 (0.92–2.87) | 1.30 (0.73–2.30) | 1.97 (1.12–3.46) | 0.04 | 1.27 (1.08–1.49) | |
| Hispanics | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.37–3.32) | 2.21 (0.89–5.49) | 4.79 (1.89–12.1) | <0.0001 | 1.84 (1.41–2.41) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1.00 | 4.96 (1.50–16.4) | 2.35 (0.69–8.05) | 12.3 (3.02–49.8) | 0.002 | 2.24 (1.46–3.44) | |
| Multivariable model + ICAM-1, VCAM-1¶ | |||||||
| Whites | 1.00 | 1.48 (0.96–2.28) | 2.14 (1.33–3.44) | 3.35 (2.10–5.35) | <0.0001 | 1.64 (1.40–1.92) | 0.06 |
| Blacks | 1.00 | 1.63 (0.88–3.00) | 1.17 (0.63–2.18) | 1.91 (1.04–3.54) | 0.06 | 1.26 (1.06–1.50) | |
| Hispanics | 1.00 | 1.11 (0.35–3.51) | 2.05 (0.80–5.28) | 3.55 (1.31–9.61) | 0.001 | 1.68 (1.27–2.22) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1.00 | 5.18 (1.52–17.7) | 2.40 (0.69–8.39) | 13.1 (2.90–59.2) | 0.005 | 2.21 (1.39–3.50) | |
| ICAM-1 | |||||||
| Multivariable model§ | |||||||
| Whites | 1.00 | 0.95 (0.58–1.57) | 1.32 (0.80–2.18) | 2.44 (1.47–4.03) | <0.0001 | 1.64 (1.37–1.95) | 0.35 |
| Blacks | 1.00 | 1.62 (0.95–2.78) | 1.03 (0.62–1.69) | 1.95 (1.22–3.11) | 0.01 | 1.17 (1.00–1.37) | |
| Hispanics | 1.00 | 1.42 (0.52–3.86) | 1.25 (0.48–3.22) | 3.65 (1.44–9.28) | 0.001 | 1.68 (1.27–2.22) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1.00 | 1.23 (0.54–2.84) | 1.11 (0.36–3.39) | 2.49 (0.77–8.03) | 0.16 | 1.69 (1.05–2.71) | |
| Multivariable model + E-selectin, VCAM-1¶ | |||||||
| Whites | 1.00 | 0.86 (0.50–1.47) | 1.02 (0.59–1.75) | 1.55 (0.87–2.73) | 0.02 | 1.22 (0.98–1.51) | 0.54 |
| Blacks | 1.00 | 1.71 (0.99–2.97) | 1.03 (0.62–1.72) | 1.92 (1.18–3.13) | 0.02 | 1.15 (0.97–1.36) | |
| Hispanics | 1.00 | 1.53 (0.51–4.59) | 1.09 (0.39–3.09) | 2.88 (0.99–8.38) | 0.06 | 1.35 (0.97–1.87) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1.00 | 1.24 (0.48–3.19) | 0.65 (0.18–2.34) | 1.30 (0.30–5.55) | 0.56 | 1.19 (0.67–2.11) | |
| VCAM-1 | |||||||
| Multivariable model§ | |||||||
| Whites | 1.00 | 0.93 (0.58–1.52) | 1.20 (0.72–2.00) | 1.62 (0.96–2.71) | 0.008 | 1.25 (1.08–1.45) | 0.32 |
| Blacks | 1.00 | 1.28 (0.80–2.05) | 1.04 (0.60–1.80) | 0.87 (0.46–1.66) | 0.60 | 0.98 (0.77–1.25) | |
| Hispanics | 1.00 | 1.34 (0.59–3.07) | 0.69 (0.28–1.67) | 1.79 (0.75–4.30) | 0.19 | 1.35 (1.04–1.75) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.47–3.34) | 1.21 (0.38–3.82) | 1.11 (0.39–3.13) | 0.92 | 1.20 (0.81–1.76) | |
| Multivariable model + E-selectin, ICAM-1¶ | |||||||
| Whites | 1.00 | 0.80 (0.47–1.35) | 0.97 (0.55–1.69) | 1.03 (0.57–1.85) | 0.46 | 1.03 (0.86–1.23) | 0.38 |
| Blacks | 1.00 | 1.48 (0.89–2.48) | 1.06 (0.58–1.93) | 0.81 (0.39–1.66) | 0.42 | 0.88 (0.66–1.16) | |
| Hispanics | 1.00 | 1.56 (0.62–3.90) | 0.64 (0.23–1.70) | 1.22 (0.45–3.35) | 0.71 | 1.09 (0.78–1.51) | |
| Asian/Pacific Islanders | 1.00 | 1.25 (0.40–3.92) | 1.12 (0.31–4.05) | 0.91 (0.25–3.26) | 0.58 | 0.86 (0.53–1.38) | |
P values for trend are based on the median levels of endothelial markers in quartiles of the control subjects.
RRs based on per 1 SD increase in endothelial markers as continuous variables (each SD was based on the control subjects: per 20.4 ng/ml increase in E-selectin, per 89.3 ng/ml increase in ICAM-1, and per 245 ng/ml increase in VCAM-1).
P values for interactions by ethnicity.
Model 1 was adjusted for matching factors, BMI, alcohol intake, level of physical activity, cigarette smoking status, the use or nonuse of postmenopausal hormone therapy, and presence or absence of family history of diabetes.
Model 2 was simultaneously adjusted for E-selectin, ICAM1, and VCAM-1 in model 1.