Table 1 Clinical characteristics of the outpatient cohort with congestive heart failure (n = 107).
| Age, years* | 71.3 (10.1) |
| Males (%) | 84 (78.5) |
| HF duration, years† | 3.2 (1.7) |
| NYHA* | 2.6 (0.5) |
| LVEF* | 35.3% (14.1%) |
| Hyperlipidaemia | 65 (60.7) |
| Smoking | 10 (9.3) |
| Past smoker | 64 (59.8) |
| Hypertension | 73 (68) |
| Diabetes mellitus | 47 (43) |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 79 (73.8) |
| Chronic atrial fibrillation | 12 (11.2) |
| Transient ischaemic attacks/cerbrovascular accidents | 8 (7.4) |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | 64 (59.8) |
| Coronary artery bypass surgery | 45 (42) |
| ACE inhibitors/ARBs | 81 (75.7) |
| Spironolactone | 53 (49.3) |
| β blockers | 66 (61.6) |
| Statins | 65 (60.7) |
| Digoxin | 21 (19.6) |
| Diuretics | 104 (97) |
| Anticoagulants | 32 (29.9) |
ARB, angiotensinogen receptor blocker; HF, heart failure; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA, New York Heart Association.
*Values are given as mean (SD).
All other values are mean (%).
†Disease duration before enrolment.