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Table 2 Heart failure: symptoms and signs.

Symptoms Signs
Dyspnoea (on exertion, nocturnal) Oedema, ascites
Reduced exercise tolerance Elevated jugular venous pressure
Fatigue, lethargy Crepitations or wheeze
Orthopnoea Tachycardia
Nocturnal cough Third heart sound, murmurs
Wheeze Hepatomegaly
Anorexia Displaced apex beat
Confusion/delirium (elderly) Cachexia and muscle wasting