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| Cause | Framingham heart study15 | Hillingdon heart failure studyw24 | Bromley heart failure study16 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | |||
| Ischaemic | 59 | 48 | 36 | 52 |
| Non‐ischaemic: | ||||
| Hypertension | 70 | 78 | 14 | 4 |
| Valvular heart disease | 22 | 31 | 7 | 10 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 5 | 3 | ||
| Alcohol | 4 | |||
| Other | 7 | 7 | 4 | 5 |
| Unknown | 34 | 23 | ||
Because of rounding, the percentages do not always add up to 100.
Framingham heart study: ischaemic heart disease and hypertension could be co‐named as causing heart failure.
