Table 2.
Individual-Level Independent Variables
| Rural | Urban | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | SE | Mean | SE | |
| Less than high school | 0.33 | (0.014) | 0.31 | (0.008) |
| High school graduate or GED | 0.44 | (0.013) | 0.40 | (0.007) |
| Some college | 0.17 | (0.010) | 0.19 | (0.006) |
| College graduate | 0.06 | (0.006) | 0.11 | (0.005) |
| Married | 0.47 | (0.014) | 0.37 | (0.008) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 0.23 | (0.011) | 0.20 | (0.005) |
| Family size | 3.15 | (0.056) | 3.22 | (0.033) |
| Aged 18–24 | 0.18 | (0.010) | 0.21 | (0.005) |
| Aged 25–34 | 0.26 | (0.011) | 0.28 | (0.006) |
| Aged 35–44 | 0.27 | (0.011) | 0.25 | (0.006) |
| Aged 45–64 | 0.30 | (0.012) | 0.26 | (0.006) |
| Female | 0.47 | (0.009) | 0.43 | (0.006) |
| Black | 0.13 | (0.013) | 0.17 | (0.008) |
| Hispanic | 0.11 | (0.019) | 0.29 | (0.011) |
| White (non-Hispanic) | 0.73 | (0.020) | 0.48 | (0.010) |
| Other race | 0.03 | (0.005) | 0.05 | (0.005) |
| Interview in English | 0.94 | (0.014) | 0.83 | (0.008) |
| U.S. born | 0.87 | (0.013) | 0.66 | (0.008) |
| Employed | 0.69 | (0.012) | 0.69 | (0.006) |
| Income<poverty | 0.25 | (0.011) | 0.21 | (0.007) |
| Income 1–2 × poverty | 0.33 | (0.012) | 0.30 | (0.007) |
| Income 2–4 × poverty | 0.29 | (0.013) | 0.30 | (0.008) |
| Income >4 × poverty | 0.13 | (0.010) | 0.19 | (0.006) |
| Nonorganic psychoses | 0.02 | (0.004) | 0.02 | (0.002) |
| Arthropathies | 0.04 | (0.004) | 0.03 | (0.002) |
| Asthma | 0.03 | (0.003) | 0.03 | (0.002) |
| Depression | 0.06 | (0.006) | 0.06 | (0.003) |
| Diabetes | 0.03 | (0.003) | 0.03 | (0.002) |
| Disease of lipoid metabolism | 0.02 | (0.003) | 0.02 | (0.002) |
| Hypertension | 0.08 | (0.007) | 0.06 | (0.003) |
| Migraine | 0.03 | (0.004) | 0.02 | (0.002) |
| Thyroid disorder | 0.01 | (0.003) | 0.01 | (0.001) |
| Other chronic condition | 0.04 | (0.005) | 0.03 | (0.002) |
| Functional limitation | 0.09 | (0.007) | 0.06 | (0.003) |
| Social limitation | 0.04 | (0.004) | 0.03 | (0.002) |
| Cognitive limitation | 0.03 | (0.004) | 0.02 | (0.002) |
| Hearing problem | 0.05 | (0.005) | 0.04 | (0.003) |
| Vision problem | 0.08 | (0.007) | 0.05 | (0.003) |
| Excellent self-rated health | 0.28 | (0.012) | 0.28 | (0.006) |
| Very good self-rated health | 0.26 | (0.010) | 0.30 | (0.006) |
| Good self-rated health | 0.30 | (0.011) | 0.29 | (0.007) |
| Fair self-rated health | 0.12 | (0.008) | 0.10 | (0.004) |
| Poor self-rated health | 0.04 | (0.005) | 0.03 | (0.002) |
| Year = 1996 | 0.21 | (0.021) | 0.20 | (0.011) |
| Year = 1997 | 0.21 | (0.018) | 0.20 | (0.009) |
| Year = 1998 | 0.20 | (0.021) | 0.20 | (0.011) |
| Year = 1999 | 0.18 | (0.018) | 0.20 | (0.011) |
| Year = 2000 | 0.20 | (0.027) | 0.21 | (0.014) |