Table 3.
Market-Level Independent Variables
| Rural | Urban | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Market-Level Variable | Mean | SE | Mean | SE |
| Miles to nearest ED | 8.88 | (0.47) | 3.68 | (0.09) |
| Miles to nearest public hospital | 24.54 | (1.24) | 17.49 | (0.57) |
| Miles to nearest BPHC provider | 30.93 | (1.48) | 12.61 | (0.58) |
| No. of EDs within 5 miles (urban)/10 miles (rural) | 0.71 | (0.02) | 3.12 | (0.08) |
| No. of public hospitals within 5 miles (urban)/10 miles (rural) | 0.29 | (0.03) | 0.43 | (0.02) |
| No. of BPHC providers within 5 miles (urban)/10 miles (rural) | 0.36 | (0.05) | 3.64 | (0.17) |
| No. of of primary care doctors per 1,000 persons | 0.38 | (0.01) | 0.63 | (0.07) |
| HMO penetration rate | * | 0.31 | (0.01) | |
| HMO index of competition | * | 0.71 | (0.01) | |
| Local gov't health and hospital $ per low-income population | * | $744 | (22) | |
| Percent uninsured | * | 0.20 | (0.00) | |
| Percent of households with income <FPL | 0.17 | (0.00) | 0.15 | (0.00) |
| Percent minority | 0.16 | (0.01) | 0.33 | (0.01) |
| Percent with a high school education or more | 0.72 | (0.01) | 0.75 | (0.00) |
*
Not applicable.
ED, emergency department; BPHC, Bureau of Primary Healthcare; HMO, health maintenance organization; FPL, federal poverty line.