Table 2.
Results for Individual and Community Factors on Any ADM Care or Any ADM Specialty Care
| Any ADM Care | Any Speciality ADM Care | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | |
| Individual-level characteristics | ||||
| Race/ethnicity (reference group: white) | F3, 11,094 = 8.374, p<.001 | F3, 11,088 = 2.408, p = .065 | ||
| Black | 0.805 | (0.675, 0.961)*** | 0.635 | (0.447, 0.902)*** |
| Hispanic | 1.237 | (1.031, 1.484)*** | 0.771 | (0.534, 1.113) |
| Other | 0.667 | (0.518, 0.858)*** | 0.879 | (0.539, 1.433) |
| Age (reference group: 18–35) | F2, 11,094 = 6.147, p<.01 | F2, 11,088 = 0.148, p = .862 | ||
| 36–64 years | 1.007 | (0.898, 1.128) | 0.981 | (0.797, 1.206) |
| 65 years or older | 0.672 | (0.527, 0.856)*** | 0.838 | (0.491, 1.430) |
| Income (reference group: less than $20,000) | F3, 1,088 = 3.705, p<.05 | F3, 1,188 = 1.116, p = .341 | ||
| $20,000–$39,999 | 1.291 | (1.102, 1.513)*** | 1.159 | (0.847, 1.585) |
| $40,000–$69,999 | 1.134 | (0.949, 1.356) | 0.996 | (0.699, 1.420) |
| $70,000 and above | 1.193 | (0.995, 1.430)* | 1.038 | (0.730, 1.477) |
| Health insurance coverage (reference group: private insurance with no management) | F6, 11,094 = 5.575, p<.001 | F6, 11,088 = 4.928, p<.001 | ||
| Not insured | 0.649 | (0.525, 0.802)**** | 0.480 | (0.326, 0.707)**** |
| Medicare | 0.913 | (0.693, 1.204) | 0.535 | (0.280, 1.020)* |
| Medicaid | 1.031 | (0.812, 1.311) | 0.919 | (0.610, 1.385) |
| Private with full manage | 1.036 | (0.887, 1.211) | 0.627 | (0.473, 0.831)*** |
| Private with some manage | 0.984 | (0.831, 1.165) | 0.868 | (0.649, 1.161) |
| Other insurance plan | 1.213 | (0.897, 1.638) | 1.066 | (0.613, 1.851) |
| Community-level characteristics | ||||
| Predisposing | ||||
| Percent nonwhite population | 1.003 | (1.001, 1.006)*** | 1.003 | (0.998, 1.007) |
| Percent of population below poverty level | 0.995 | (0.981, 1.009) | 0.981 | (0.957, 1.005) |
| Enabling | ||||
| Psychiatrists per 100k population | 1.002 | (0.998, 1.006) | 1.006 | (1.000, 1.013)* |
| Inpatient/outpatient ADM care facilities | 1.001 | (0.992, 1.010) | 1.017 | (1.003, 1.031)*** |
| HMO penetration rate | 1.002 | (0.998, 1.005) | 0.998 | (0.983, 1.014) |
| Percent population uninsured | 0.988 | (0.974, 1.002)* | 0.984 | (0.961, 1.008) |
| Interaction between HMO penetration rate and health insurance coverage | F6, 11,088 = 2.524 p<.05 | |||
| HMO penetration rate × not insured | 0.988 | (0.966, 1.010) | ||
| HMO penetration rate × medicare | 1.028 | (1.000, 1.056)*** | ||
| HMO penetration rate × medicaid | 1.025 | (1.003, 1.046)*** | ||
| HMO penetration rate × private with full manage | 1.008 | (0.991, 1.026) | ||
| HMO penetration rate × private with some manage | 1.011 | (0.993, 1.030) | ||
| HMO penetration rate × other insurance plan | 0.993 | (0.959, 1.029) | ||
| Error variance components | ||||
| Household level | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.507 (0.158)*** | ||
| Tract level | 0.132 (0.051)*** | |||
| County fips level | 0.015 (0.011) | |||
†
Other predictors in the models include gender, education, marital status, log of family wealth, social support, exposure to violence, count of chronic medical conditions, five-item mental health inventory, and indicators for probable generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, dysthymia, mania, psychotocism, panic disorder, and probable alcohol or drug abuse. Complete model results are available upon request from the first author.
*
Significant at .10
**
Significant at .05
***
Significant at .01
****
Significant at .001.