Table 3.
Regression-Based Decomposition of Changes in ESI Offer and ESI Take-up between 1999 and 2002 for Working Adults Aged 19–64, by Income Group
| ESI Offer (200–400% FPL) | ESI Take-up (<200% FPL) | ESI Take-up (200–400% FPL) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Changes in Probability | SE | Percent Variation | Changes in Probability | SE | Percent Variation | Changes in Probability | SE | Percent Variation | |
| Total difference between 1999 and 2002 | −2.2 | 100 | −2.2 | 100 | −2.6 | 100 | |||
| Difference because of changes in factors other than worker and job characteristics | −0.9 | 1.0 | 41 | 0.5 | 1.6 | −22 | 0.2 | 1.0 | −7 |
| Difference because of changes in worker and job characteristics | −1.3 | 0.9 | 59 | −2.7 | 1.3 | 122 | −2.8** | 0.8 | 107 |
| Difference because of changes in worker and job characteristics | −1.3 | 0.9 | 100 | −2.7 | 1.3 | 100 | −2.8** | 0.8 | 100 |
| Demographic and preference characteristics† | −0.5* | 0.3 | 39 | −0.1 | 0.6 | 5 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 1 |
| Employment characteristics‡ | −1.8** | 0.3 | 137 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0 |
| Job characteristics§ | −0.8** | 0.2 | 64 | −0.9** | 0.3 | 33 | −0.4** | 0.1 | 15 |
| Availability of alternative insurance sources¶ | 1.8** | 0.4 | −135 | −0.3 | 0.6 | 10 | −0.1 | 0.5 | 4 |
| State-level firm size specific premium | 0.2 | 0.7 | −13 | −1.9** | 0.8 | 72 | −2.1** | 0.5 | 74 |
| County of residence∥ | −0.1 | 0.1 | 8 | 0.5** | 0.2 | −20 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 5 |
Source: 1999 and 2002 National Survey of America's Families.
Note: Income is defined as family income over the past year. Insurance coverage is defined as of the day of the survey. Since there was not a significant change in the probability of having an ESI offer for low-income workers between 1999 and 2002, we do not attempt a decomposition for that outcome here.
Significantly different from zero at the .10 (.05) level.
Includes age, sex, health status, disability status, education, family structure, economic hardship, risk aversion indicator, race.
Includes whether individual works full-time, whether individual has worked part-time at same employer for 1 year or more, or whether individual has worked full-time at same employer for 1 year.
Includes industry type and number of employees in the firm.
Includes eligibility indicator for public program, log (nongroup premiums), whether spouse works, whether spouse works full-time, whether spouse has ESI offer.
Includes MSA wage index, HMO penetration rate in county, number of MDs per capita in the county, percent of MDs in the county who are general/family practice, number of hospital beds per capita in the county, percent hospital beds that are public in the county, whether county is a MSA region, and 13 NSAF state dummies.