Table 3.
Distribution of Income Level of Physician's Country of Medical Training and Elders Treated by Year and Race
IMGs and African- American Elders* | IMGs and White Elders* | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1986 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | 1986 | 1990 | 1994 | 1998 | p-value | |||||||||
World Bank Income Group† | Physicians N=17 | Elders N=157 | Physicians N=19 | Elders N=174 | Physicians N=22 | Elders N=145 | Physicians N=15 | Elders N=87 | Physicians N=16 | Elders N=135 | Physicians N=21 | Elders N=129 | Physicians N=19 | Elders N=77 | Physicians N=10 | Elders N=45 | .009‡ .370§ |
Low income | 4 | 97 | 7 | 81 | 7 | 46 | 9 | 46 | 6 | 54 | 7 | 54 | 6 | 40 | 5 | 27 | .626¶ |
Lower middle income | 4 | 10 | 4 | 31 | 8 | 46 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 18 | 4 | 16 | 6 | 16 | 0 | 0 | |
Upper middle income | 2 | 23 | 3 | 21 | 2 | 13 | 3 | 8 | 1 | 19 | 3 | 17 | 4 | 9 | 2 | 7 | |
High income non-OECD | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 4 | |
High income OECD | 5 | 25 | 5 | 41 | 4 | 39 | 2 | 32 | 3 | 42 | 6 | 38 | 2 | 9 | 2 | 7 |
Double counting of physicians across racial dyads is possible due to a physician treating both African-American and white elders in their practice.
The following countries are classified: low income—Burma and India; lower middle income—Sri Lanka, Cuba, Egypt/UAR, Iran, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Syria and USSR; upper middle income—Lebanon and Mexico; high income non-OECD—Singapore and Taiwan; high income OECD—Australia, Austria, United Kingdom, Finland, E/W Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. U.S. and Canada are also included in high income OECD.
P-value from Mantel–Hansel χ2 to indicate whether there is a significant difference in the proportion of African-American elders versus white elders who see IMGs over time.
P-value from Mantel–Hansel χ2 to indicate whether there is a significant difference in the proportion of IMGs trained in developing countries (low income, lower middle income, and upper middle income categories) that treat African-American elders over time.
P-value from Mantel–Hansel χ2 to indicate whether there is a significant difference in the proportion of IMGs trained in developing countries (low income, lower middle income, and upper middle income categories) that treat white elders over time.
OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; IMGs, international medical school graduates.