. 2006 Dec;41(6):2155–2181. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2006.00587.x

Table 3.

Distribution of Income Level of Physician's Country of Medical Training and Elders Treated by Year and Race

	IMGs and African- American Elders^*								IMGs and White Elders^*

	1986		1990		1994		1998		1986		1990		1994		1998		p-value

World Bank Income Group^†	Physicians N=17	Elders N=157	Physicians N=19	Elders N=174	Physicians N=22	Elders N=145	Physicians N=15	Elders N=87	Physicians N=16	Elders N=135	Physicians N=21	Elders N=129	Physicians N=19	Elders N=77	Physicians N=10	Elders N=45	.009^‡ .370^§
Low income	4	97	7	81	7	46	9	46	6	54	7	54	6	40	5	27	.626^¶
Lower middle income	4	10	4	31	8	46	1	1	5	18	4	16	6	16	0	0
Upper middle income	2	23	3	21	2	13	3	8	1	19	3	17	4	9	2	7
High income non-OECD	2	2	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	2	1	4	1	3	1	4
High income OECD	5	25	5	41	4	39	2	32	3	42	6	38	2	9	2	7

Double counting of physicians across racial dyads is possible due to a physician treating both African-American and white elders in their practice.

^†

The following countries are classified: low income—Burma and India; lower middle income—Sri Lanka, Cuba, Egypt/UAR, Iran, Paraguay, Philippines, South Africa, Syria and USSR; upper middle income—Lebanon and Mexico; high income non-OECD—Singapore and Taiwan; high income OECD—Australia, Austria, United Kingdom, Finland, E/W Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, and Spain. U.S. and Canada are also included in high income OECD.

^‡

P-value from Mantel–Hansel χ² to indicate whether there is a significant difference in the proportion of African-American elders versus white elders who see IMGs over time.

^§

P-value from Mantel–Hansel χ² to indicate whether there is a significant difference in the proportion of IMGs trained in developing countries (low income, lower middle income, and upper middle income categories) that treat African-American elders over time.

^¶

OECD, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development; IMGs, international medical school graduates.