Table 1.

Descriptive Statistics of Dental Utilization Stratified by Health Plan

Covariates	Medicaid	Health Choice	Both	p-value*	OR‡
Gender
Female	18%	21%	25%	<.001	1.01 (0.98–1.03)
Male (ref)	18%	22%	25%	<.001	1.00
Age (years)
1–2	5%	6%	8%	<.001	0.12 (0.11–0.12)
2–3	14%	17%	21%	<.001	0.36 (0.35–0.37)
3–4	26%	30%	36%	<.001	0.75 (0.73–0.78)
4–5 (ref)	31%	37%	43%	<.001	1.00
Race
Black	18%	20%	25%	<.001	0.99 (0.97–1.02)
Hispanic	15%	13%	18%	=.010	0.75 (0.72–0.79)
Native American	26%	29%	25%	=.556	1.52 (1.40–1.64)
Other	20%	19%	25%	=.030	1.10 (1.04–1.16)
White (ref)	18%	24%	26%	<.001	1.00
Gap in utilization period
No	19%	21%	25%	<.001	1.84 (1.75–1.93)
Yes	11%	20%	29%	<.001	1.00
Enrollment duration
Number of months enrolled	9.8	8.3	11.3	<.001	1.24 (1.23–1.24)
Prior enrollment
Both	0%	25%	23%	†	1.62 (1.44–1.82)
Medicaid	19%	0%	24%	†	1.86 (1.78–1.95)
Health choice	0%	23%	32%	†	1.52 (1.39–1.65)
None (ref)	11%	19%	19%	<.001	1.00
County-level variables
Public providers per 1,000 eligible children
<5 providers	13%	16%	18%	<.001	0.50 (0.48–0.52)
5–10 providers	18%	20%	25%	<.001	0.77 (0.75–0.79)
≥ 10 providers (ref)	22%	27%	28%	<.001	1.00
Percent of county population below the FPL
≥ 16% below FPL	20%	23%	27%	<.001	1.19 (1.15–1.24)
10–16% below FPL	18%	22%	24%	<.001	1.01 (0.98–1.05)
<10% below FPL (ref)	18%	18%	23%	<.001	1.00
Percent of county with less than high school education
≥ 20% of population (0)	19%	20%	25%	<.001	1.06 (1.04–1.09)
≤20% of population (1)	18%	22%	25%	<.001	1.00
Infant mortality rate
≥ 10% infant mortality rate (0)	21%	22%	28%	<.001	1.27 (1.24–1.31)
≤10% infant mortality rate (1)	17%	21%	23%	<.001	1.00

^*p-value is the χ² difference between plans for each covariate.

^†χ²not valid due to zero cells.

^‡Odds ratio is the likelihood of a dental visit for each covariate, controlling for plan with referent levels designated.

FPL, federal poverty level.