Table 1.
Variable Definitions
| Variable | Definition | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Individual level | ||
| Female | Female physician | CTS-PS |
| Black | Black physician | CTS-PS |
| Hispanic | Hispanic physician | CTS-PS |
| Asian | Physician who is Asian/Pacific Islander | |
| Experience | Experience as a physician in years | CTS-PS |
| (Experience)2 | (Experience)2/100 | CTS-PS |
| Family practice | Specialty in family medicine | CTS-PS |
| Pediatrics | Specialty in pediatrics | CTS-PS |
| Medical specialty | Specialty in medical specialty | CTS-PS |
| Surgical specialty | Specialty in surgical specialty | CTS-PS |
| Board certified | Board certified in specialty | CTS-PS |
| D.O. | Doctor of Osteopathy | CTS-PS |
| Non-U.S., non-Canadian | Attended medical school outside of U.S. or Canada | CTS-PS |
| LnW | Natural log of implicit earnings per hour = Ln([annual income]/[(hours/week)(weeks/year)]) | CTS-PS |
| Site level | ||
| B—population | Percent of the general population that is black | ARF |
| H—population | Percent of the general population that is Hispanic | ARF |
| A—population | Percent of the general population that is Asian/Pacific Islander | |
| B—workforce | Percent of physician workforce that is black | CTS-PS |
| H—workforce | Percent of physician workforce that is Hispanic | CTS-PS |
| A—workforce | Percent of physician workforce that is Asian/Pacific Islander | CTS-PS |
| Public insurance | Percent of population enrolled in Medicaid or other public insurance | CTS-HS |
| Private insurance | Percent of population enrolled in private or military insurance | CTS-HS |
| Medicare | Percent of population enrolled in Medicare | CTS-HS |
| Median income | Median family income for the general population ($1,000s) | USC |
CTS-PS, Community Tracking Study, Physician Survey; CTS-HS, Community Tracking Study, Household Survey; USC, U.S. Census; ARF, Area Resource File; D.O., Doctor of Osteopathy.